• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.77-110
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• 2021

In this study, a student participation-centered class based on student mathematical thinking as a the meaningful subject was called a student thinking-based math class. And as a way to support these classes, I paid attention to lesson design. For student thinking-based mathematics classes, it is necessary not only to anticipate student thinking and teacher feedback, but also to plan in advance how to properly arrange and connect expected student responses. The student thinking-based lesson design template proposed in this study is a modified three-step(introduction, main topic, summary) lesson design template. The reason for revising the existing design template is that it has limitation that it cannot focus on mathematical thinking. Using the conceptual framework of student thinking-based mathematics lesson as a lens, the difference between the three-step lesson design prepared by pre-service teachers and the students' thinking-based lesson design prepared by the same pre-service teachers was analyzed. As a result of planning lessons using the student thinking-based lesson design, more attention was paid to the cognitive and social engagement of students. In addition, emphasis was placed in the role of teachers as formative facilitator. This study is of significant in that it recognizes the importance of classes focusing on students' mathematical thinking and provides tools to plan math classes based on students' thinking.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

Cheongpyeongsa Temple was originally built in the early years of Goryeo Dynasty, but its current structural framework was made by the Lord Jinrakgong Lee Ja Hyeon(1061-1125) of the middle Goryeo period based on the Zen thought after he began living in the Cheongpyeong mountain around the temple in 1089. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize, based on old documents, historical changes of the appearance and survival of man-made structures with in the Zen garden formed and developed after Lee Ja Hyeon laid the foundation for Munsuwon Zen garden. Among the eight, outside-the-temple hermitages built at the time of Lee Ja Hyeon's Munsuwon Zen garden, only three hermitages, which are Sik-am, Gyeonseong-am, Yangshin-am had been remaining thanks to restoration and repair until late Joseon Dynasty and preserved as symbolic hermitages. Also, the Yeongji Pond built at the time of Lee Ja Hyeon still remains as precious landscape relics which is meaningful as a genuine Goryeo-period pond. The nine pine trees said to be planted by Lee Ja Hyeon remained until middle 1800s through their descendant trees. When the Buddhist monk Bowoo Daesa(1509-1565)changed the name to Cheongpyeongsa Temple in middle Joseon based on the Munsuwon Zen garden built by Lee Ja Hyeon and greatly expanded it, he newly built and expanded all buildings inside the temple except for Neunginjeon(main temple building), resulting in the present temple structure. In addition, by greatly enhancing the level of scenery by reconstructing Yeongji Pond outside the temple area and transplanting garden plants from the royal court, he made Cheongpyeongsa Temple the most prosperous Zen garden in its history. But after the mid-1800s, which is late Joseon period, Cheongpyeongsa Temple failed to thrive further and began to decline, and so currently most buildings of the Zen garden have disappeared except for some parts of the temple and other facilities are neglected.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.145-171
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• 2018

Laos' 2017 is a year of political "stagnation" and economic "change". In the political arena, despite the achievements such as the improvement of the corruption perception index (CPI), it is necessary to watch the progress of the reform. Diplomatically, the influence of China is expected to increase further. In particular, since November 2017, Xi Jinping's visit to Laos is expected to strengthen the framework of cooperation between the economic corridor and Lanchang-Mekong Cooperation Meeting. And Laos continued to have friendly relations with other neighboring countries, the ASEAN countries. However, the issue of the Laos-Cambodian border issue following the general election in Cambodia may recur. The economic sector maintained a high growth rate due to capital inflows from the construction of large infrastructures and the favorable tourism industry, but structural problems such as deficits in the fiscal and current account should be resolved. Korea and Laos discussed the comprehensive cooperation between the two countries through the Mekong Senior Officials' Meeting in March 2017 and the Ministerial Meeting of the Korean-Lao Foreign Minister in September 2017. Laos is Korea's eighth ODA aid (grant), and ODA will become an important diplomatic cooperation channel between the two countries in the future. In the economic relationship, the trade sector is on a declining trend, but investment and human exchanges are steadily increasing.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2021

This paper attempted to examine the value of private house garden as a historical garden among local cultural heritages remaining in Chungcheong-do Province. To this end, the following conclusions were drawn through the framework of value analysis in which the contents of Ji Cheng's Yuanye of China, Tachibana Toshitsuna's Sakuteiki in Japan, and HISTORIC GARDENS THE FLORENCE CHARTER 1981 were applied to target sites. First, local cultural heritage belong to unregistered cultural heritage, and a total of 616 local cultural heritages in Chungcheong-do Province were identified, and Cheongju City possesses the largest number of local cultural heritages. Most of the local cultural heritages are distributed in ancient capital or adjacent to it, and five of the local heritages are related to historical garden. Second, the target sites were old houses constructed during the Joseon Dynasty with a long history, and although there were few changes in spatial division, the scale of some gardens and outer yard spaces was reduced due to urban planning, etc. Third, the target site is Sangjihapui(相地合宜) and Inchacheui(因借體宜) in location and space division, so the space is divided according to the surrounding terrain and the landscape is naturally drawn to construct a garden. Fourth, the garden of the target site has a structural value of a garden that is Jeongihapui(精而合宜) and Gyoideukche(巧而得體) as it is subtle and naturally constructed with the garden by grasping the surrounding terrain. Fifth, for the continuous preservation of historical garden, it is necessary to strengthen the already enacted local cultural heritage ordinance, and to establish a documentary project for each spatial component and a plan for climate change.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2022

Purpose: In the restaurant sector, it has been known that consumers' positive perception of brands influences their positive WOM intention, and information sources play an important role in increasing credibility by enhancing consumer awareness and developing differentiated brands. This study examines the effects of information sources (e.g., advertisement, WOM, SNS) on trust (cognitive and affective) and, WOM and eWOM intention in the restaurant context. In the model, cognitive and affective trust play mediating roles in the relationships between information sources (e.g., advertisement, WOM, SNS) WOM and eWOM intention. Research design, data, and methodology: Research models and hypotheses were developed according to the research direction. The survey questionnaire items were developed and used appropriately according to the contents of this paper based on prior studies. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and validated in prior studies. A total of 502 responses were collected from an online survey. The research model was evaluated using SmartPLS 4.0. Frequency analysis was performed to understand the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents. The reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were assessed using measurement model analysis. The proposed model was verified using the structural equation model. Results: Advertisement, WOM, and SNS information sources all had a positive effect on affective trust, whereas only WOM had a significant effect on cognitive trust. In addition, affective trust had a positive effect on cognitive trust and eWOM intention but did not affect WOM intention. Finally, cognitive trust was found to have a positive effect on both WOM intention and eWOM intention. Conclusions: This study redefines the concept of where restaurant service companies should focus when providing consumers with information about their products and services. As a result, the conceptual framework of positive word of mouth intention to increase new customer visits to the restaurant brand has been expanded. In addition, this study not only presents an information source management strategy for restaurant brands, but also presents practical implications for resource allocation guidelines for customer management in the restaurant sector.

• Journal of Consumption Culture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.67-90
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• 2012

When consumers choose healthy foods, they base their buying decisions on health-related food labeling and quality assessment of taste, health, and price. Moreover, both purchase experience and opinions of family and friends affect consumer choices. Focusing on these points, this study examined the effects of health-related food labeling on consumer choices by adding two variables-quality assessment of taste, health, and price and purchase experience-to the model of the theory of planned behavior. We also used structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses. In the study, health-related food labeling includes organic labeling, nutrient claims, and food additive labeling. We conducted a mail survey among 300 married women who buy cheese slices for their children more than once a month. It was discovered that health-related food labeling positively affected the level of quality assessment of taste, health, and price, and consequently led to positive attitudes and purchase intentions. Particularly, health-related food labeling positively influenced attitude toward using products without assessing the quality of taste, health, and price. The level of quality assessment of price positively affected attitude toward using and purchasing products, and purchase experience positively affected attitude toward using and purchasing products, and purchase intentions. The relationship between attitude to purchasing products and purchase intentions was the most positive, and the relationship between perceived behavioral control and purchase intentions was not significant. Overall, this study essentially contributes to the development of a theoretical framework of food labeling and consumer choices, which includes quality assessment of taste, health, and price and purchase experience, by using the theory of planned behavior.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.6A
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• pp.789-798
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• 2008

The stiffness method provides a framework to calculate the structural deformations directly from solving the equilibrium state. However, to use the displacement shape functions leads to approximate estimation of stiffness matrix and resisting forces, and accordingly results in a low accuracy. The conventional flexibility method uses the relation between sectional forces and nodal forces in which the equilibrium is always satisfied over all sections along the element. However, the determination of the element resisting forces is not so straightforward. In this study, a new fiber finite element mixed method has been developed for nonlinear anaysis of steel-concrete composite structures in the context of a standard finite element analysis program. The proposed method applies the Newton method based on the load control and uses the incremental secant stiffness method which is computationally efficient and stable. Also, the method is employed to analyze the steel-concrete composite structures, and the analysis results are compared with those obtained by ABAQUS. The comparison shows that the proposed method consistently well predicts the nonlinear behavior of the composite structures, and gives good efficiency.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3B
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• pp.301-310
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• 2006

Typically, we needs enormous national budget for the flood control project and so the project usually has big influence on the national economy. Therefore, the reliable estimation of flood damage is the key issue for the economic analysis of the flood control project. This study aims to provide a GIS based technique for distributed flood damage estimation. We consider two aspects of engineering and economic sides, which are the inundation analysis and MD-FDA (Multi-Dimensional Flood Damage Analysis), for the flood damage assessment. We propose the analysis framework and data processing using GIS for assessing flood damages. The proposed methodology is applied to the flood control channel project for flood disaster prevention in Mokgamcheon/Dorimcheon streams and this study presents the detailed GIS database and the assessment results of flood damages. This study may have the worth in improving practical usability of MD-FDA and also providing research direction for combining economic side with the engineering aspect. Also this distributed technique will help decision-making in evaluating the feasibility of flood damage reduction programs for structural and nonstructural measures.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.15-23
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• 2019

This paper aims to identify the characteristics implied in the process of change of Stephen Sondheim's musical style and to derive the structural communication tools that connect the creator and audience and the implications. The strategies that appear in Sondheim's musical works are the following. First, Sondheim's early musical works follow the principles of book musical and emphasize the integration faithful to the basic elements such as the rhythm and meaning of the lyrics. Second, in the era of early postmodernism, Sondheim attempts the principle of extreme deconstruction through the concept musical Company and pursues rational thought through fragmented dramatic flow. Third, while maintaining dramatic linearity to overcome the lack of immersion caused by extreme deconstruction, Sondheim realizes a more elaborate and formalized fusion style of the principles of integration and deconstruction through the choruses and the songs of the characters in Little Night Music and Sweeney Todd. Finally, Sondheim attempts multiple experiments to break down the boundaries of act and scene and to express new subject matters through his works such as Sunday Park with George and Into the Woods. In conclusion, Sondheim's fusion experiments and strategies are the process of finding a framework and a medium of communication to induce dramatic immersion of audience and at the same time create rational thinking about social problems to deliver the message of the creative work with the leading aesthetics of the modern musical's box-office success.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

The major purpose of this study is to investigate the influencing factors toward continuance intention in e-learning services. For this purpose, we introduced Post Acceptance Model(PAM) proposed by Bhattacherjee(2001) as basic analysis framework. Based on the relevant literature reviews, this study posits seven characteristics, that is, contents quality, interactivity, expectation confirmation, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, user satisfaction, and continuance intention as key variables to describe the post acceptance behavior in e-learning services. Data have been collected from users who have used e-learning services and the research model and hypotheses were tested through covariance structural model analysis. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, contents quality, interactivity, and expectation confirmation have positive influence upon perceived usefulness. Second, contents quality, interactivity, expectation confirmation, and perceived ease of use have positive influence upon user satisfaction. Lastly, perceived usefulness have positive effect on the user satisfaction, and perceived usefulness and user satisfaction positively related to continuance intention in e-learning services. The findings have significant implications for e-learning service providers and academic researchers.