• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide the method of saving the construction cost per unit area of the New Hanok using the inner space of a roof as a floor space with a structural modification of it's roof. The proportion of a roof of the Traditional Hanok accounts for about a half of it's elevation, so it is an essential element of it. But, compare to the whole construction cost of the Traditional Hanok, it costs over a half of expenses to build it. Recently, at the traditional building type, it is found that the inner space of a roof of it is used as a floor space with a structural modification of it's roof. It can be divided into two types, the storage type and the living type. The New Hanok at downtown can accommodate various new lifestyle, so the length of it's Yangtong is longer than that of the Traditional Hanok. When we adjust the proportion of the traditional Hanok to the New Hanok, the height of the column and the roof of the New Hanok becomes also higher than those of the traditional Hanok. So, using the upper part of the column and the roof of the New Hanok, we can make the inner space of a roof of the New Hanok as a floor space -like a bed room, tea room, personal work space and a storage- vertically connect with the 1st floor as the main living area. As a result, it is expected to save the unit construction cost of the New Hanok and has an extensity of space when we build the New Hanok at downtown.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.86 no.6
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• pp.715-730
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• 2023

Broad studies have addressed the issue of structural element damage identification, however, rubber bearing, as a key component of load transmission between the superstructure and substructure, is essential to the operational safety of a bridge, which should be paid more attention to its health condition. However, regarding the limitations of the traditional bearing damage detection methods as well as few studies have been conducted on this topic, in this paper, inspired by the model updating-based structural damage identification, a two-stage bearing damage identification method has been proposed. In the first stage, we deduce a novel bearing damage localization indicator, called element relative MSE, to accurately determine the bearing damage location. In the second one, the prior knowledge of bearing damage localization is combined with sailfish optimization (SFO) to perform the bearing damage estimation. In order to validate the feasibility, a numerical example of a 5-span continuous beam is introduced, also the noise robustness has been investigated. Meanwhile, the effectiveness and engineering applicability are further verified based on an experimental simply supported beam and actual engineering of the I-40 Bridge. The obtained results are good, which indicate that the proposed method is not only suitable for simple structures but also can accurately locate the bearing damage site and identify its severity for complex structure. To summarize, the proposed method provides a good guideline for the issue of bridge bearing detection, which could be used to reduce the difficulty of the traditional bearing failure detection approach, further saving labor costs and economic expenses.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-157
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of household income, education needs, private education expenses and expenditures of preparation for old age for mothers of school-aged children and to discover the causal relationships among these variables. The subjects in this study were gathered from among 393 mothers living in Daegu with school-aged children from 8 to 19 years old and with wage-earner husbands. The research tool was a questionnaires which addressed the general characteristics of the subjects, household income, the scale of education needs, the scale of private education expenditures, the scale of perceived burden of private education, and the scale of expenditures of preparation for old age. In order to analyze the study data, factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS were used, and structural path analysis using AMOS was used. The main results of this study were as follow: First, the greater the household income, the greater the education needs. Second, household income and education needs had no significant influences on private education expenditures. Third, education needs and private education expenditures turned out to have significant effects on the perceived burden of private education expenditures. Fourth, expenditures of preparation for old age among mothers of school-aged children was influenced by the education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures. The household income of mothers of school-aged children had no significant influence on private education expenditures. Finally, education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures for mothers of school-aged children had a direct effect on the expenditures of preparations for old age. On the other hand, in mediating education needs, household income of these mothers had an indirect effect on expenditures of preparations for old age. The perceived burden of private education expenditures turned out to have the biggest total effect on the preparations for old age of mothers with school-aged children.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1683-1693
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• 2007

Urban has been operating Korail and the local autonomous entity in Korea. Over 70 LRTs will be constructed in the future, but it is hard to manage them due to structural deficit from construction debt, so Public finance plays a very important role in order to overcome a deficit. Therefore, it is necessary to plan detailed analysis and planned system about the expenditure of the amount which is borrowed from country and local government and business income from railroad companies like government grants, PSO. This research wishes to grasp the problem and present model about reasonable and efficient financial program, analyzing about increasing import and expenses of Urban.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2003

Ultrasonic inspection of defects has been focused on the existence of defect in structural material and need has much time and expenses in inspecting all the coordinates (x, y) on material surface. Neural networks can have an application to coordinates (x, y) of defects by multi-point inspection method. Ultrasonic inspection modeling is optimized by neural networks Neural networks has trained training example of absolute and relative coordinate of defects, and defect pattern. This method can predict coordinates (x, y) of defects within engineering estimated mean error $\psi$.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.217-221
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• 2001

Barber bogie and Y25 bogie is the main bogie of freight car which is used in the Korean railway. In case of Barber bogie and a mixed formation tile maximum speed limit of empty car is 70 km/h and that of loaded car is 90 km/t and also it runs a speed of 110 km/h in time of an exclusive formation of Y25 bogie. The car named as high speed freight car at present is Y25 bogie which modeled on the Y25 bogie or Europe developed in 1993, Y25 bogie has no problem about the running capacity up to the speed of 110 km/h, but it works as limiting factors to tile increasing cost of maintenance and repair expenses which caused by repair of bogie and the cost of materials. This study is going to describe the contents examined by analysis and tests, aimed at being used as an index of plan in the future through the strength test of high speed freight car which is used now.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.143-148
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• 2007

The application of metal deck floor system is increasing gradually and especially for office buildings. In the cases of large parking structures and storage structures, the construction period and the cost can be reduced. Also the steel deck system can prevent the crack of a floor and reduce the retrofit expenses. However, the floor should stand for the repeated truck load which is relatively heavier repeated loading. The mechanical behavior of a slab under repeated load is also different from the static loading state. An evaluation of a structural capacity was performed in this study through the dynamic capacity evaluation experiment for an application of a composite deck floor system as a parking structure slab. The period of repeated loadings were set up as 25years and 960,000 times monotone cyclic loads were applied at the center of the specimens. The tension crack propagation and patterns at the center of specimens were examined.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.162-169
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• 2016

Using 1795 observations from the 5 year-359 firm panel data collected during the period from 2009 to 2013 in Chinese stock exchanges, this study examines the impact of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenditure. This empirical study finds that when firms are state-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership has a U shaped relation with the level of R & D expenses. A non-linear relation is also found when piece-wise regression models are applied. This empirical study also finds that when firms are private-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership is negatively related to the level of R & D expenses, and no structural changes in the relation are found when piece-wise regression models are applied. These results support the hypothesis that the effects of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenses may differ depending on the ownership type of the controlling shareholders. This finding suggests that the differences in the controlling shareholders' incentives due to their ownership type should be considered when exploring the relation between the controlling shareholders' ownership and corporate strategic decisions.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.4 no.4 s.16
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• pp.69-79
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• 2003

About 93$\%$ of domestic teal estate construction firms registered as the end of 2001 recorded net profits of only less than 500 million won(including firms in the red) for the term. As a result of having analyzed the ratios of sales costs and the structural ratios of sales costs for the past 10 years, it was found that there have been great changes in structural ratios of sales costs. Material costs and labor costs have gradually decreased, but outsourcing costs of processing have greatly increased. In order to find activity points which are fundamental to cost control, the methods of new activity based cost management have been pursued. The characteristics of real estate construction industry lie in the fact that contract prices (sales in) are fixed and amounts of profits differ depending on the use of costs. In order to create maximum profits from fixed contract prices, the new activity based cost management has been proposed. The control of operation budgets and management costs is designed to control their schedules and expenses in different respects. Operation budgets ate executed with specific activities and management costs are controlled as a form of material costs, labor costs, out sourcing costs and expenses which are details of expenditure. In order to execute them by using the methods of new activity based cost management, first of all, we have to analyze what activity drivers ale and how much added values such activities can create. It is considered as a method of cost management which is necessary far the survival management of real estate construction industry.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

In my study, I analysed and criticised the change of applied works based on a design drawing of a private forest road in Chungchengnam province from 1990 to 2003. The aim of this study is to obtain the fundamental resources for establishment the green forest road which is environment friendly. Working expenses of forest road was gradually increased by a business year. In particular, the working expenses dramatically increased in 1999-2000. In change rate of cost of construction by works, earth work rate of the cost of constructions was declined: from 25.4% in 1990-1999, to 18.5% in 2000-2003. However, the total cost of the construction of slope protection work and structural work increased. Nevertheless the rate of the cost of constructions are not increased where as the earth work rate of the cost of constructions were reduced. The rate of the price construction materials and the cost of construction was the main causes which was led by the extension of the standard requirement of applied work and the increase of the materials of applied work. In other word, materials of structural work and slope protection work increased. If the increase of the cost of construction has seem through the increase of contractual materials and extension of the standard requirement would led to weak competitiveness of forest road. Therefore, diverse method of constructions need to apply and a new method should be developed.