• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.59-73
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• 2020

Purpose: The ultimate purpose of this work is to investigate gender differences in the relationships between product quality cues and perceived values at a food select shop. Specifically, this study examines the effects of internal and external cues, which are indicators of product quality, on emotional and social values based on gender differences. Research design, data and methodology: In this study, a questionnaire technique was used to collect the data necessary to test the proposed model. 183 data were collected through this technique. PLS SEM (Partial Least Squares Structured Equation Model) was used to test the research model. Results: First, there is no gender difference between intrinsic cue and emotional value. When using male and female data, there was no significant causal relationship between intrinsic cues and emotional values. Second, we found no gender difference between intrinsic cue and social value. When analyzed with female data, there was no significant causal relationship between intrinsic cue and social value. On the other hand, in the case of men, it was found that a weak causal relationship exists. Third, this study found gender difference between extrinsic cue and emotional value. In the case of men, it was found that a weak causal relationship exists, whereas in the case of women, a strong causal relationship exists between extrinsic cue and emotional value. Fourth, we found gender difference between extrinsic cue and social value. In the case of men, there was no causal relationship, whereas in the case of women, there was a strong causal relationship between extrinsic cue and social value. Finally, we found that there are moderating roles of gender in the relationship between external cues and perceived quality. Conclusions: As a result of analysis, it is necessary to focus on extrinsic clues of product in order to increase the perceived emotional and social values of women. On the other hand, in order to improve the perceived emotional and social values of men, it is necessary to pay attention to both intrinsic and extrinsic cues of product. Therefore, it is necessary to consider what clues and values are important to core customers.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 2008

In order to elucidate growth characteristics, physiological responses and leaf color changes of leaf-variegated Arundinaria munsuensis and Carex ciliato-marginata for variegata, These experiments were performed under four different light ragimes control(full sun), 40%, 70% and 85%. Plant height and leaf area became promoted as shading level increases in leaf-variegated Arundinaria munsuensis. Photosynthetic effect was the highest in 85% shading of the full sun. Thus, this plant could be growing in the deep shade condition. Plant growth and the leaf color changes were most obviously shown in the 40% shading level. In the Carex ciliatomarginata for. variegata growth status was the best and green or strong greenish yellow leaf color turned out to be much clearer in the 40% shading treatment. And photosynthetic activity was enhanced as the light intensity decreases.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.69-95
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the needs and demands of middle-aged women concerning the educational contents of tea-culture, the managing methods of educational programs, and a plan to invigorate tea culture education as a whole. Here is the summary of the main results. 1) The need for tea-culture education scored an average of 4.14 / 5(maximum score). The actual needs for tea-culture education had varied according to the women's place of living, educational motives, and the desire to become lecturers in the future. That is, the actual needs for tea-culture education scored high among the groups who displayed strong personal motives to cultivate their inner minds and learn tea-culture seriously, groups who lived in Seoul${\cdot}$Taegu${\cdot}$Cheonju, and groups who wanted to become future lecturers. 2) The need for a systematic management of tea-culture educational programs scored an average of 4.10 / 5(maximum score). The need for a management of tea-culture educational programs varied according to the women's educational level and their desire to become future lecturers. That is, the need for a systematic management of tea-culture educational programs scored high among groups whose educational level was high, and groups who wanted to become future lecturers. 3) The need for a plan to invigorate tea-culture education scored an average of 4.05 / 5(maximum score). The need for a plan to invigorate tea-culture education varied according to the women's place of living, educational level, the managing subject of educational organizations, the desire to become future lecturers. That is, the need for a plan to invigorate tea-culture education scored high among the groups who lived in Seoul${\cdot}$Taegu${\cdot}$Cheonju, groups whose educational level was high, groups who were members of life-long educational facilities within universities, and groups who desired to become future lecturers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.5 s.83
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• pp.69-87
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• 2006

This article attempts to explore how the women retirees under study were able to continue work until retirement. This study used life histories, especially focusing on daily working lives, and uncovered a number of key issues through in-depth interviews. The main results are as follows: Firstly, the women retirees examined here had been raised as highly educated people, and their strong educational background was a base component for them to have relatively secure careers. Their parents had also supported practically the women retirees during their working lives. In addition, the women retirees had to can out the roles of 'provider' for their original families, procreation families or in-law families, even though they were not given the recognized roles of provider. Secondly, the women retirees had a private infra system to support them with housework and child care. In addition, because they were financially able to employ housemaids, the women retirees did not experience conflicts with their husbands, who took on a neo-traditional sex role. Finally, thanks to relatively good working conditions such as having vacations and being able to come to and leave the office on time, the women retirees were able to continue work until retirement no mean feat in a society which openly practiced gender discrimination.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2643-2646
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• 2012

Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major etiological agent of cervical cancer, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Screening strategies for reducing the burden of HPV-mediated carcinogenesis are emerging as an effective means for cervical cancer control and prevention in developing countries. Our study, therefore, aimed to identify HPV infection status in North Indian women during random population screening. Methodology: Cervical/vaginal exfoliated cells and/or Pap smear specimens were collected from 890 women of North Indian ethnicity residing in Lucknow and adjoining areas, during random population screening from June 2009-March 2012. HPV viral loads in clinical specimens were determined by the Hybrid Capture (hc)-2 HPV DNA assay, and subsequently, positive/negative/borderline HPV status was calculated. Results: The HPV incidence in the present study was 11.7%. 751 out of a total of 890 women (84.4%) participating in our HPV screening program were HPV negative (HPV -), 104 (11.7%) tested positive (HPV +) while 35 (3.9%) showed borderline (HPV $^*$) infection status. Furthermore, in the HPV + subjects (N=104), 18 (17.3%) showed strong positivity. We observed that HPV positivity tends to increase with age in North Indian women; the higher the viral load with increasing age, higher is the susceptibility to HPV-mediated cervical cancer. Conclusions: HPV viral load/genotyping may help in identifying women at risk of developing cervical cancer. However, cost-effective HPV screening protocols with a wider population coverage are warranted so as to reduce the burden of cervical cancer in women worldwide in the vaccine-era.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.348-359
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to identify practical exercise performance and to define the factors related to exercise performance in middle-aged women. Methods: The researchers collected data from 206 middle-aged women, ages 40 to 59. The measurements used were a scale for degree of exercise performance, and self-efficacy scale, affect, perceived barriers and benefits related exercise, body-shape perception, and the youngest child's education stage. The data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 17.0 and SAS program using t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Exercise performance showed significant differences according to body-shape perception (F=5.45, p<.01), the youngest child's education stage (F=4.44, p<.05). Exercise performance had a significant strong positive relation with self-efficacy (r=.616), a moderate relation with self-rated health (r=.428) and with affect related exercise (r=.519), a mild relation with perceived benefits (r=.339) and with social support (r=.239), and a negative mild relation with perceived barriers (r=-.330) with 99% significance. Self-efficacy, affect, perceived barriers, and the youngest child's education stage explained 46.4% of a variance in exercise performance in middle-aged women. The factor most influencing was self-efficacy related exercise at 37.9% of the variance. Conclusion: We can conclude that self-efficacy, affect, perceived barriers, and the youngest child's education stage should be considered as important factors for developing program of middle-aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.124-136
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• 2015

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the area with the most Muslim populations in China and the costume of this ethnic minority group was influenced from its surrounding environment and religion. Headgear is one of the important costume elements of Muslim ethnic minority such as Kazakh, Kirghiz, Uzbek, and Tadzhik people, and each group has developed narious forms of it. Especially, we can notice characteristics of headgear in Xinjiang Uygur and four ethnic minority groups through women's headgear pursuant to motive of wear, classification of type, differences and comparability with other areas. Thus, purpose of this study is to investigate women's headgear of Muslim ethnic minority in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Based on local data at the Xinjiang Uygur Museum, the study referred to Chinese ethnic minority costume and literature data as well as advanced researches related to Islam, and analyzed characteristics of women's headgear of four ethnic groups in connection with Muslim formation background in Xinjiang Uygur. Women's headgear of Muslim ethnic minority in Xinjiang Uygur can be largely divided into three types; cylindrical, conical and hood type. Headgear was influenced not only by natural environment and weather for protection of body, but also by Islam. Along with strong desire for decoration and expression of racial features, it was used as a means of race discrimination and representation of identity. The religion of Islam within these four ethnic groups grew in accordance with tradition of existing nomadic tribes and regional characteristics, and women's headgear developed in various ways added with religious precepts and nomadic features. Taking everything into consideration, it is found that women's headgear of Kazakh, Kirghiz, Uzbek, and Tadzhik people developed, adopting their own living style and features of minority races instead of remaining identical to the headgear type of Muslim countries in other area.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.358-368
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• 2013

Background: There are some data to support the theory of a protective effect of parenthood against suicide, as proposed by Durkheim in 1897. We conducted this study to examine the relationship between children characteristics and suicidal ideation among Korean married women. Methods: The data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys IV, conducted in 2007-2009, respectively (3,202 married women aged 20-49 years). The children characteristics are the age of the youngest child and the number of children living with subject. Data were analyzed by using logistic regression with SAS 9.2. Results: The risk for suicidal ideation was higher among married women having a young child (aged <7 years). It had strong effect on suicidal ideation in non-employee subjects. The odds ratio for suicidal ideation of women having a youngest child aged 2-3 years compared with reference groups was 1.673 with statistical significance. But the association of suicidal ideation with number of children shows insignificant. Conslusion: The findings suggest a different result with the theory, the protective effect of being a parent of young child on suicide risk for women, first suggested by Durkheim and supported by previous studies and the need for further prospective investigation that lead to policies according children characteristics aimed at improving married women's life.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 2018

This study analyzed the body shape of women over 70 years and classified their body shapes in order to provide basic data for the development of pants patterns that can complement the weakness of the body shape of elderly women. It were analyzed using SPSS Ver. 20.0. Five factors were extracted from the lower body: obesity and thigh thickness, lower body length, under knee thickness, ankle height, and hip sag. In type 1, the lower body was obese and the legs were thick, but the hips were not sagging. It was named 'high-hip obesity figure'. Type 2's abdomen, hip, and waist were obese, but the legs were thin and the hip were not sagging. Thus, 'bird-leg middle obesity figure' was the name. Type 3 had a long and slender lower body, but legs were thick and the hips were saggy, it was named 'strong-leg low-hip slender figure'. The elderly women showed less difference in waist, abdomen, and hip circumference. The abdominal circumference was 2-3cm more than the waist and hip circumference; hence there is a need to differentiate the shape and number of darts in the production of bottom-wear patterns for older women. In addition, the leg circumference is gradually reduced by aging compared to the size of the lower body. Therefore, it would be necessary to search for a method that can effectively design the difference between the hip circumference and the leg circumference in relation to the body shape and the aesthetics of older women.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.479-487
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was a grounded theory research aimed at generating a substantive theory that accounts for the explanatory social processes in which immigrant Korean single-mother families were engaged in the United States. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 immigrant Korean single mothers who were living with children under 18 years of age at the time of the interviews. Data collection guided by theoretical sampling and concurrent constant comparative analysis of the transcribed data was conducted to identify the core social process. Results: The emerged core social process was "living for the children," which represented the driving process by which these women made transition to their new lives as single-mother families. The major task throughout the entire transition was re-creating their families. The women's transition involved practical and psychological transitions. The practical transition involved three stages: assuring family survival, struggling between the father role and the mother role, and stabilizing. The psychological transition involved becoming strong and settling in with a new supportive network. Conclusion: Study results added to the literature by elaborating the women's emphasis on maternal identity and the resilience-provoking nature of the women's transitions.