• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.29-41
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• 2003

Clinical observation was made on 52 cases of Stroke that were confined through brain CT, MRI scan. The Stroke cases wee classified into the following kinds cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebellar or brain stem infarction, cerebellar or brain stem hemorrhage. And among the 52 cases of Stroke cerebral infarction was noticed in 75.00%, cerebral hemorrhage in 11.54%, cerebellar or brain stem infarction in 9.52%, cerebellar or brain stem hemorrhage in 3.85%. The ratio between males and females was 1.74:1 in the whole groups of Stroke and most cases were over 60 of age. As the time of hospitalization, most patients hospitalized from 1 day after stroke to 7 days after stroke. And as the course of hospitalization, most patients hospitalized first. Among the preceding disease at the onset of Stroke hypertention was noted in 32.69%, and deabetes mellitus or heart problem was noted frequently(15.39%). Electrocardiography findings were as follows: The normal was noted in 53.85%, the abnormal in 46.15%. And as the abnormal, left ventricular hypertrophy was noted in 17.54%. The predisposing factors or conditions at the onset of brain infarction were usually initiated during the time of sleeping and those of brain hemorrhage chiefly during the time of exercising like overwork or walking etc. It was noted that smoking a pack of cigarette showed highest disease rate(33.33%) among the average of smoking amount of one day in case of man. Prior to attack, the most chiefly complain was dyspnea or discomfort on chest region. And 30.70% of patients had no previous sign. There were a large number of recurrent cases. The first attack was noted in 71.15%, the 2nd attack in 23.08%, the 3rd attack in 5.77%.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.353-359
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• 2005

Objectives: Dysphagia is a common in stroke patients. Dysphagia often affects the rehabilitation of stroke patients by increasing the risk of nutritional deficits and aspiration pneumonia. Despite the proliferation of physical therapies including swallowing training, much controversy remains regarding the application and benefit of them. Therefore, in this study, the clinical effect of moxibustion at Chonjung(CV17, Shanzhong) on post-stroke dysphagia were assessed using Swallowing Provocation Test(SPT). Methods: Dysphagia subjects were selected by Dysphagia Screening Test. Swallowing function was tested by Swallowing Provocation Test(sec). Direct moxibustion was applied to the acupoint, Chonjung, five times and Swallowing Provocation Test was performed before and after 30 minute. The Latency Time of Swallowing Reflex (LTSR) was checked by SPT. To find factors related with improving swallowing function, Cold-Heat and Excess-Deficiency Diagnosis were considered. Results: A total of 42 patient were included, but two of them were excluded due to severe coughing. Overall, the swallowing reflex improved significantly. In subgroup analysis on brain lesion, non-brain stem lesion patients significantly improved. Moxibustion was more effective in the cold group than in the heat group, but there were no differences between the Excess and the Deficiency groups. Conclusions: The result of this clinical study suggest that moxibustion at Chonjung(CV17, Shanzhong) is an effective treatment for the dysphagia patients after stroke, especially in non-brain stem lesion and the cold diagnosed patients.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.772-779
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• 2009

Object : In the present study, we investigated the obesity and blood parameters between Qi-deficiency and Fire/Heat pattern identification/syndrome differentiation (PI/SD) in acute stroke patients. Materials and Methods : A total of 391 stroke patients within 7 days after onset were consecutively recruited from 12 hospitals across South Korea from Nov. 1st, 2006 to Jun. 31st, 2009. They were diagnosed as Fire/Heat or Qi-deficiency among five PI/SD subtypes by two independent stroke experts. We investigated the differences of obesity and blood characteristics between Fire/Heat and Qi-deficiency by statistical analyses. Results : In male subjects, obesity was significantly associated with Fire/Heat PI/SD. The averaged mean BMI ($24.13kg/m^2$) and waist circumference(89.34cm) of the Fire/Heat group were higher than those of the Qi-deficiency group ($22.60kg/m^2$ and 83.43 cm, respectively). The number of obese patients was larger in the Fire/Heat group than in the Qi-deficiency group (p = 0.001). Hyperlipidemia was also related with Fire/Heat. However, obesity was not associated with PI/SD in female subjects where the number of hyperlipidemic patients was higher in the Qi-deficiency group. Among blood parameters, the levels of triglycerides and fasting blood sugar were higher in the Fire/Heat group compared with the Qi-deficiency group in male subjects. However, total cholesterol of the Qi-deficiency group was higher than in the Fire/Heat group among female subjects. Conclusion : This study shows that obesity and hyperlipidemia are significantly difference between Qi-deficiency and Fire/Heat. We suggests that PI/SD may be associated with clinical characteristics and large population study between PI/SD and clinical characteristics including blood parameters are needed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.583-590
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• 2000

Objective : The major risk factors of stroke are hyperlipemia, ateriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetis mellitus, smoking, drinking, age, personal history, family history etc. Hypertension, smoking and hyperlipemia are very important factor to promote stroke. We intended to observe the serum lipid density of 51 patients come to Joongpoong & Chronic Disease Center of Conmaul Oriental hospital, comparing with already reported study. Methods : We studied 51 stroke-patients( 38 cerebral infarction, 13 intracerebral hemorrhage) of Conmaul Oriental hospital, Department of oriental internal medicine, Joongpoong & Chronic Disease Center from January 1. 1999 to August 31. 2000, which examined by neurologic test, brain-CT, brain-MRI. . We used DOSHISA TBA-30FR(Japan) as instrument for measuring total cholesterol and triglyceride of serum. Results and conclusions : The results are as follows 1. The rate of hyperlipemia and presumed-hyperlipemia is higher in female patient-group than male patient-group. 2. The rate of hyperlipemia and presumed-hyperlipemia is higher in drinking group than non-drinking group. 3. The rate of hyperlipemia and presumed-hyperlipemia is higher in hypertension group than normotention group.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.318-321
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• 2011

In this study, when a physician make a diagnosis of the Pattern Identifications(PIs) of stroke patients, the development methods of the PIs classification function is considered by diagnostic questionnaire of the PIs for stroke patients. Clinical data collected from 1,502 stroke patients who was identically diagnosed for the PIs subtypes diagnosed by two clinical experts with more than 3 years experiences in 13 oriental medical hospitals. In order to develop the classification function into PIs using the 44 items-Fire&heat(19), Qi-deficiency(11), Yin-deficiency(7), Dampness phlegm(7)- of them was significant statistically by univariate analysis in 61 questionnaires totally, we make some comparisons of the results of discriminant analysis model and generalized logit model. The overall diagnostic accuracy rate of the PIs subtypes for discriminant model(74.37%) was higher than 3% of generalized logit model(70.09%).

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.550-557
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of Bi-Su as a pattern identification (PI) index in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects were 424 hospitalized stroke patients within 1 month from onset and diagnosed with the same PI subtypes (dampness & phlegm, qi deficiency, fire & heat, eum deficiency, and blood stasis) by agreement of two clinical experts. Bi-Su type is a kind of body shape (Bi : fat, Su : lean). Bi-Su type and degree (Bi-Su score) were decided by clinical expert. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were used as an obesity index. Correlation analysis between Bi-Su score and obesity index (Spearman) and variance analysis for Bi-Su score, BMI, and WHR among PI subtypes (ANOVA) and sex were carried out. Results : While there was partial correlation between Bi-Su type and BMI($r^2$=0.634, p<0.001), the distribution of the BMI group based on the Bi-Su group showed the broadest range. The Bi-Su score in the dampness & phlegm group was higher than in the other groups (p<0.001). BMI in the dampness & phlegm groups was also higher but the BMI differences among PI subtypes was low (p=0.002). The Bi-Su score in the dampness & phlegm group was similar in both sexes, although the hand score in the eum deficiency group was the lowest, especially in males. Conclusions : Although BMI is not an objective enough tool for evaluating Bi-Su type, Bi-Su type is more appropriate than BMI as PI index. Therefore Bi-Su type could be used as one of the PI indices for dampness & phlegm or eum deficiency group in stroke patients.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2022

Stem cell-based therapy is a promising approach for treating a variety of disorders, including acute brain insults and neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), circular membrane fragments (30 nm-1 ㎛) that are shed from the cell surface, carrying several therapeutic molecules such as proteins and microRNAs. Because EV-based therapy is superior to cell therapy in terms of scalable production, biodistribution, and safety profiles, it can be used to treat brain diseases as an alternative to stem cell therapy. This review presents evidences evaluating the role of stem cell-derived EVs in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and degenerative brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson' disease. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs have better profiles in biocompatibility, immunogenicity, and safety than those of small chemical and macromolecules. The advantages and disadvantages of EVs compared with other strategies are discussed. Even though EVs obtained from native stem cells have potential in the treatment of brain diseases, the successful clinical application is limited by the short half-life, limited targeting, rapid clearance after application, and insufficient payload. We discuss the strategies to enhance the efficacy of EV therapeutics. Finally, EV therapies have yet to be approved by the regulatory authorities. Major issues are discussed together with relevant advances in the clinical application of EV therapeutics.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.697-701
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to fine proteins, which have significantly different level in plasma between Qi-deficiency and Fire-heat group of Korean Oriental Stroke pattern identification (PI) among Korean stroke patients. Eighteen stroke patients with Qi-deficiency and forty nine patients with Fire-heat, which had critical syndrome of each PI, were participated in this study. Plasma protein pattern were analyzed by SELDI-TOF MS using Q10 strong anion exchange chip and Mass spectral data (m/z) statistically determined. The expression level of proteins, which were different between Qi-deficiency and Fire-heat in the results by SELDI-TOF MS, were confirmed by western blot. As a result of analyzing plasma protein by SELDI-TOF MS, six protein peaks were significantly higher in Fire-heat group than Qi-deficiency group. Two peaks among of them, M15003 and M15745, were respectively identified as hemoglobin alpha and beta in previous study. Expression level of plasma free hemoglobin of Fire-heat group was also confirmed higher in Fire-heat group than in Qi-deficiency group. These findings suggest that plasma free hemoglobin is a candidate for discriminating Qi-deficiency and Fire-heat group according to pattern identification (PI) of stroke.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.153-161
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• 2007

Stroke is the second most significant disease leading to death in Korea. The conventional therapeutic approach is mainly based on physical training, however, it usually provides the limited degree of recovery of the normal brain function. The electric stimulation therapy is a novel and candidate approach with high potential for stroke recovery. The feasibility was validated by preliminary rat experiments in which the motor function was recovered up to 80% of the normal performance level. It is thought to improve the neural plasticity of the nerve tissues around the diseased area in the stroked brain. However, there are not so much research achievements in the electric stimulation for stroke recovery as for the Parkinson's disease or Epilepsy. This study aims at the developments of a wireless variable pulse generator using ZigBee communication for future implantation into human brain. ZigBee is widely used in wireless personal area network (WPAN) and home network applications due to its low power consumption and simplicity. The developed wireless pulse generator controlled by ZigBee can generate various electric stimulations without any distortion. The electric stimulation includes monophasic and biphasic pulse with the variation of shape parameters, which can affect the level of recovery. The developed system can be used for the telerehabilitation of stroke patient by remote control of brain stimulation via ZigBee and internet. Furthermore, the ZigBee connection used in this study provides the potential neural signal transmission method for the Brain-Machine Interface (BMI).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2010

Previously standardization study for identifying 5 types of pattern identification of stroke patients has been performed and the Korean standard of pattern identification (II) was developed. In the present study we investigated the interactions between total indices designated by the Korean standard of pattern identification(KSPI II) and indices for PI of Cold-Heat and Deficiency-Excess. Indicators for Cold-Heat and Deficiency-Excess are isolated from 58 indices through the survey of oriental medicine doctors and their relationship with KSPI-II indices was analyzed by corresponding analysis method using data of 1581 stroke patients. Means and standard deviations indicated that 2 Cold indices, 14 Heat indices, 12 Deficiency indices, and 5 Excess indices were included for Cold-Heat and Deficiency-Excess pattern identification. The results of corresponding analysis shows the relationship of 57 indices and 4 types of pattern identification (excluding 1 index and 1 pattern among 58 indices and 5 patterns) using the cross-tabulation which was obtained from the clinical data. Most of Cold and Heat index were divided to dimension 1(inertia 51.9%) obtained from the result of corresponding analysis. Deficiency and Excess index were partially associated with dimension 2(inertia 31.7%). These data suggest that pattern identification of Cold-Heat plays an role in the standardization of pattern identification in stroke, although further studies are required by various trials such as analysis of surveys and clinical data.