• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB), a traditional herbal medicine, has been used to treat a wide range of neurological disorders (e.g., paralysis and stroke) and skin problems (e.g., atopic dermatitis and eczema) in oriental medicine. This study was designed to investigate whether GEB extract inhibits melanogenesis activity in murine B16F10 melanoma. MATERIALS/METHOD: Murine B16F10 cells were treated with 0-5 mg/mL of GEB extract or $400{\mu}g/mL$ arbutin (a positive control) for 72 h after treatment with/without 200 nM alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH) for 24 h. Melanin concentration, tyrosinase activity, mRNA levels, and protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (Trp)1, and Trp2 were analyzed in ${\alpha}$-MSH-untreated and ${\alpha}$-MSH-treated B16F10 cells. RESULTS: Treatment with 200 nM ${\alpha}$-MSH induced almost 2-fold melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity along with increased mRNA levels and protein expression of MITF, tyrosinase, Trp1 and Trp2. Irrespective of ${\alpha}$-MSH stimulation, GEB extract at doses of 0.5-5 mg/mL inhibited all these markers for skin whitening in a dose-dependent manner. While lower doses (0.5-1 mg/mL) of GEB extract generally had a tendency to decrease melanogenesis, tyrosinase activity, and mRNA levels and protein expression of MITF, tyrosinase, Trp1, and Trp2, higher doses (2-5 mg/mL) significantly inhibited all these markers in ${\alpha}$-MSH-treated B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitory effects of the GEB extract at higher concentrations were similar to those of $400{\mu}g/mL$ arbutin, a well-known depigmenting agent. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that GEB displays dose-dependent inhibition of melanin synthesis through the suppression of tyrosinase activity as well as molecular levels of MITF, tyrosinase, Trp1, and Trp2 in murine B16F10 melanoma. Therefore, GEB may be an effective and natural skin-whitening agent for application in the cosmetic industry.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.17-41
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• 2016

Subjects : A literature research on the constitution and medicinal effect & adaptation diseases of "Bullsusan". "Bullsusan" is a herbal prescription composed of Angelicae Gigantis Radix(當歸) and Cnidii Rhizoma(川芎). Objectives : Through the researching on the records of "Bullsusan" in Korean Traditional Medical Books, gain the literature evidence for adaptation to these days child labor as a pre-labor keeping herbal medicine. And have detailed consideration on the constitution of prescription and medicinal effect & adaptation diseases of "Bullsusan". Methods : First, researched the records of "Bullsusan" in Korean Traditional Medical Books which were included at A Series of Korean Medicine(韓國醫學大系) and analysed component ratio, nickname, herbal manufacture and drug processing method, medicinal effect and adaptation diseases. Second, referred related Korean and Chinese researches that examined the medicinal effect and adaptation diseases of "Bullsusan" by scientific experimentation. Conclusions : We found total 46 records of "Bullsusan" from 20 kinds of Korean Traditional Medical Books included at A Series of Korean Medicine. Prescription component ratio of Angelicae Gigantis Radix and Cnidii Rhizoma were 3:2, 1:1, 2:1, 1:1. 3:2 had most 20 records and 1:1 had second 14 records. Especially 1:1 had a tendency of having nickname "Goonguitang", but not must had. First herbal manufacture was powder, it had 8 records. First drug processing method was decocting with water and alcohol, had 19 records. Medical Effects of "Bullsusan" can be induced to next 8, that were "remove get bad blood, give birth new blood", "easy labor by reducing fetal volume", "acceleration of labor", "test of fetal survival, elimination of dead embryo", "elimination of placenta", "revive", "allaying pain", "nourish the blood". From these medical effects, 9 adaptation diseases can be induced. That were "threatened abortion", "womb ache and vaginal bleeding by spontaneous abortion", "pre-labor keeping(prevention of hard labor)", "acceleration of labor", "hard labor", "missed abortion", "postnatal vaginal bleeding, dizziness, asthma, headache, womb ache", "postnatal mastoptosis and mastodynia", "first aid symptom like as dizziness, unconsciousness, stroke caused by excessive bleeding". The medical effect of "acceleration of labor" and "elimination of placenta" have been examined by modern clinical research. The effect of "remove get bad blood, give birth new blood", "allaying pain" and "nourish the blood" have been examined by modern experimental study. But overdosing on "Bullsusan" to pregnant mouse can cause natural abortion, so the proper dose of "Bullsusan" in pregnant period is very important.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2009

Purpose: We intended to classify the pattern and to seek the cause of fractures and/or dislocations related to middle and high school Taekwondo athletes in competition and try to get the ways for preventing them. Materials and Methods: We studied 50 fractures and dislocations of the athletes in competition, which were surveyed in 2005-2007 national middle and high school Taekwondo tournament annually. We analyzed the type and the cause of the injury, performed survey at postinjury l year in 32 cases, sought proper treatments and methods for prevention. Results: The 26 cases (52%) of foot fracture, 15 cases (30%) of hand fracture and 9 cases (18%) of forearm fracture are occurred in this study. The 9 cases (28%) of satisfaction in treatment, 15 cases (47%) of average and 8 cases (25%) of dissatisfaction are surveyed in the 32 cases. The causes of dissatisfaction are lack of rest (7 cases), excessive training (5 cases), immoderate participation of match (6 cases) and the others. The athletes were returned to the match before complete recovery in 21 cases (67%). Conclusion: The causes of fractures and dislocations in middle and high school Taekwondo athletes were stroke on upper and lower extremities and high-speed hyperflexion injury that was occurred during spraining of great toe on the floor. We consider that the athletes need the development of effective protector, improvement of equipment in stadium and enough rest and education.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.484-486
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• 2009

본 연구는 본 연구는 입원중인 뇌졸중 환자들이 겪는 경제적 스트레스 및 우울이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 대전에 소재하고 있는 대학병원, 종합병원, 재활센터 등에서 치료를 받고 있는 뇌졸중환자 209명으로 하였다. 자료수집방법은 각각 구조화된 설문지를 통해 1:1 면접조사를 실시하였다. 연구도구는 경제적-불편감척도(Gore, 1978)와 Arruda J.E가 개발한 시각상사척도와 GHO-60(Goldberg, 1972), MOS SF-36(Ware 등, 1992)을 김건엽(2002)이 표준화한 23문항 중 삶의 질을 측정하는 12문항을 수정, 변경하여 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS(Statistical for the Social Science)12.0을 이용하여 분석하였고, 뇌졸중 환자의 일반적 특성, 물리치료 관련 특성, 질병 관련 특성, 경제적 스트레스, 독립변수로 빈도와 백분율, 평균과 표준편차를 구하고, 전체 연구 대상자의 기술 역학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 기술통계와 일반적 특성, 물리치료, 질병관련 특성에 따른 환자의 경제적 스트레스, 우울, 삶의 질과의 차이를 알아보기위해 t-검정과 일원분산분석(analysis of variance, ANOVA)을 사용하였다. 발병 후 가계수입(p<0.05), 재정적 압박 수준(p<0.01), 삶의 질(p>0.05), 생활수준(p<0.05)이 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 감정상태가 낮고 생활수준과 재정적 압박 정도가 매우 심할 경우 더 유의하게 경제적 스트레스 점수가 높게 나왔다. 이는 뇌졸중환자가 겪는 경제적 스트레스 요인이 우울과 함께 중요한 영향을 미치며,인구분석학적 결과를 보더라도 가구의 소득수준이 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 건강에 대한 재정적 부담, 가족으로부터 소외 일과에의 영향, 올가미를 쓴 느낌 이상의 결과로 볼 때 본 연구에서는 시각적 감정 상태, 재정적 압박상태, 우울, 생활수준, 질병 관련 특성, 삶의 질을 위주로 하여 경제적 스트레스 관련 요인을 살펴본 결과 후속연구에서는 보다 정확한 경제적 부담 수준을 측정하고 더불어 보다 객관적인 경제적 스트레스를 측정할 수 있는 도구를 이용하여 조사를 한다면 임상적으로 중요한 자료가 될 것이다. 또한 뇌졸중 환자의 경제적 스트레스를 감소하고 삶의 질 수준을 증진시킬 수 있는 치료적 중재의 개발이 절실히 요구된다.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of health promotion programmes using traditional Korean medicine among public health centre staff in charge of running such programmes. To do so, we examined and analysed the current situation of implementing the programmes in the public health centre. Methods : A survey was designed to collect information on perception of the health promotion programmes using traditional Korean medicine by public health centre staff in charge of running such programmes. The survey, using a structured questionnaire designed for this study, was conducted on 161 public health centre staff attending an annual meeting to presenting the results of activity evaluation related to public health programmes using traditional Korean medicine in public health centres. The participants were asked about the most successful programme, the benefits of the programmes, the positive aspects of the programmes, the most desirable outcomes of the programmes and so on. The data were analysed using SPSS system 12.0 for Windows. Results : Of the 161 questionnaires, 121 were analysed. The main findings of this research were as follows. Of the health promotion programmes using traditional Korean medicine implemented in public health centres, qigong and stroke preventive health promotion programmes were perceived as the most successful. The major benefits of the programmes were having merit for health promotion and expecting a positive performance outcome. The major positive aspects of the programmes for health promotion were cultivating community citizen's support and showing consistency between the philosophy of the programmes and the direction of existing health promotion programmes. The most desirable outcomes of the programmes were spreading community understanding of the programme and establishing an effective and unique health promotion model for implementing the programme. Two major causes of implementation difficulties were lack of material resources such as manpower, facility, and equipment, and methods of performance evaluation. One of the most urgent needs for activating the implementation of programmes was continuing financial and technical support from the central government. Conclusions : To promote the role of traditional Korean medicine in the public health sector in order to integrate traditional medicine into the public health system, government should develop some measures for solving the identified causes of implementation difficulties and coping with the most urgent needs for activating the implementation of programmes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.192-199
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• 2008

Objective : Silent infarct is more common in healthy elderly people and seems associated with risk of future stroke. However, the prevalence and risk factors of silent infarct are unclear. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of silent infarct. Methods : 56 first-ever cerebral infarct patients were enrolled in this study. CT images were made of all 56 patients. We divided them into two groups according to the presence of silent infarcts and comparedage, sex, education period, WHR, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, numbness and weakness of thumb and index finger, neck stiffness, facial spasm, and blepherospasm. Result : Silent infarcts were found in 24 patients(43%). Most infarcts(48%) were located in basal ganglia. Age, sex, education period, WHR, numbness and weakness of thumb and index finger, neck stiffness, facial spasm, and blepherospasm were similar between the two groups. Diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking were higher in the silent infarct group. Hypertension was higher in the non-silent infarct group. Conclusion : The prevalence of silent infarct in first-ever cerebral infarction patients was 43% and diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking were higher in silent infarct patients.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1992

We performed exercise radionuclide ventriculography to evaluate left ventricular (LV) function in 35 patients with pure mitral stenosis (MS). There were 6 males and 29 females ranging from 21 to 63 years of age (mean $37{\pm}10$ years). We also studied 8 healthy men as control group (mean age $27{\pm}5$ years). Each patients was evaluated at rest and during maximal exercise on an isokinetic bicycle ergometer. Peak filling rate (PFR), peak ejection rate (PER), ejection fracion (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) were determined by the radionuclide technique. The results were summarized as follows: 1) LV systolic dysfunction and reduced PFR were noted in patients with MS. 2) EDV as well as SV decreased with exercise in patients with MS. 3) No significant increase in EF during exercise compared to rest value was observed because it was caused by reduced EDV and SV during exercise in patients with MS. 4) CO increased with exercise was significantly lower than normal in patients with MS. 5) Patients with MS were divided into two groups according to whether SF increased more than 5% druing exercise compared to resting state or decreased. Significant difference were found between these two groups. Patients with a fall in EF with exercise were older, had larger left atrial size, and had lesser decreased in ESV during exercise.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2018

Objective : The aim of this study was to identify correlation between KF-NAP and Pencil-Paper test(Line bisection test, Letter cancellation, Albert's test) and to determine the high sensitive assessment tool for spatial neglect. Method : Thirty-two stroke patients who admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit at the medical center in Seoul from September, 2014 to September, 2015 were included in our research. They all have spatial neglect (male=19, female=13, the average age 61.8). KF-NAP and Pencil-Paper test were performed within 7 days. The detection of spatial neglect was analyzed by total scores of each assessments. Results : The highest sensitivity assessments of spatial neglect was KF-NAP. The detection of spatial neglect through KF-NAP was 93.8% (Line bisection test 53.1, Letter cancellation 53.1%, Albert's test 37.5%). Line bisection test (r=.430), Letter cancellation(r=.641), Albert's test(r=.398) and KF-NAP scores had significant correlation(p<0.05). Conclusion : KF-NAP is higher sensitive in comparison with Pencil-Paper test for detection of spatial neglect as the assessment tool of spatial neglect during activities daily livings of patients and neglect severity could be assessed with KF-NAP. Therefore, KF-NAP is recommended for assessment of spatial neglect.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2007

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease catalyzing the proteolytic conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, which is involved in thrombolysis. During last two decades, the role of tPA in brain physiology and pathology has been extensively investigated. tPA is expressed in brain regions such as cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum, and major neural cell types such as neuron, astrocyte, microglia and endothelial cells express tPA in basal status. After strong neural stimulation such as seizure, tPA behaves as an immediate early gene increasing the expression level within an hour. Neural activity and/or postsynaptic stimulation increased the release of tPA from axonal terminal and presumably from dendritic compartment. Neuronal tPA regulates plastic changes in neuronal function and structure mediating key neurologic processes such as visual cortex plasticity, seizure spreading, cerebellar motor learning, long term potentiation and addictive or withdrawal behavior after morphine discontinuance. In addition to these physiological roles, tPA mediates excitotoxicity leading to the neurodegeneration in several pathological conditions including ischemic stroke. Increasing amount of evidence also suggest the role of tPA in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis even though beneficial effects was also reported in case of Alzheimer's disease based on the observation of tPA-induced degradation of $A{\beta}$ aggregates. Target proteins of tPA action include extracellular matrix protein laminin, proteoglycans and NMDA receptor. In addition, several receptors (or binding partners) for tPA has been reported such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and annexin II, even though intracellular signaling mechanism underlying tPA action is not clear yet. Interestingly, the action of tPA comprises both proteolytic and non-proteolytic mechanism. In case of microglial activation, tPA showed non-proteolytic cytokine-like function. The search for exact target proteins and receptor molecules for tPA along with the identification of the mechanism regulating tPA expression and release in the nervous system will enable us to better understand several key neurological processes like teaming and memory as well as to obtain therapeutic tools against neurodegenerative diseases.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic waves of frequency between 300MHz to 300GHz and positioned between the X-ray and infrared rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. In recent years, the use of microwave for extraction of ingredient from plant material has shown remarkable research interest and potential. Scutellaria radix has been used as a traditional medicine for a variety of diseases. It has been reported to exert beneficial health effects, such as anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and free-radical scavenging. Oxidative stress or the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads neuronal cellular death and dysfunction, and it contributes to neuronal degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. In this study, we aimed to compare the neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of Scutellaria radix extracted by different methods using hot-water extraction (SBE-DW) or microwave extraction (SBE-DW-MW). As a result, we first examined HPLC analysis of hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix. The hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix showed the discernible difference patterns of HPLC analysis. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix increased DPPH radical scavenging activity more than hot-water extraction. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix also showed neuroprotective effects and ROS inhibition against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, but hot-water extraction not showed. In addition, the phosphorylation of MAPKs induced by glutamate insult was prevented by microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix. Thus, these results suggested that microwave extraction can be utilized for improving the extraction efficiency and biological activity of Scutellaria radix.