• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.273-283
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• 2003

Fissured rock and soft ground always suggest, problems in the construction of the underground space. The stress release of the weak underground material by opening the underground space with a soft ground, fissures and joints can lead to the failure of the opening. Grouting of the weak rock and the soft ground, which is a process of injecting some bonding agents into the soft ground, is one of the measures to reinforce the soft ground and to prohibit the failure of the underground construction due to the stress release. The proper installation of the grouting is essential to ensuring the safety of the tunneling operation, so that the evaluation of the grouting performance is very significant. The general procedure of evaluating the grouting is coring the grouted section and measuring the compression strength of the core. However, sometimes when the grouted section is at the crown of the tunnel and the grouting is installed at a wide section, the coring is not good enough. This study is oriented to propose a new and a non-destructive procedure of evaluating the grouting performance. The proposed method is based on the wave propagation of elastic waves, and evaluates the shear stiffness of the ground and investigates the anomalies such as voids and cracks. The SASW ( Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves) method is one of the candidate s to make the inspection of the pouting performance, and is adopted in this study. The practical grouting activity was monitored by SASW method, and the proposed method was applied to the inspection of the grouting performance to check the verification of the proposed method.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.456-462
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• 2015

365 pieces of domestic $38{\times}140{\times}3600mm$ Red pine structural lumber were machine graded conforming to a softwood structural lumber standard (KS F 3020). The allowable bending stresses calculated for each grade were compared with the values currently tabulated in the standard. Four calculation methods for lower $5^{th}$ percentile bending stress were non-parametric estimation with 75% confidence level, 2-parameter and 3-parameter Weibull distribution fit, and bending modulus of rupture (MOR)-modulus of elasticity (MOE) regression based method. Only the data set of Grades E8, E9, and E10 were statistically eligible for the $5^{th}$ percentile calculation. The MOR-MOE regression based method only was able to estimate the lower $5^{th}$ percentile values theoretically for the full range of grades. The results showed that all allowable bending stresses calculated were lower than the design values tabulated in the standard. This implies that the current machine grading system has the pitfall of structural safety. Improvement in current machine grading system could be achieved by introducing the bending strength and stiffness combination grade system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.94-103
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• 2018

The purpose of designing composite lattice structure which applied to launching vehicle and tactical missile body is to minimize the thickness and weight for applied load. It is usually made of carbon fiber; fabricating with filament winding process over silicon mold, and provided with a window opening for inspection purpose if necessary. In this paper compression test is conducted without window opening in lattice structure and preliminary FEA is carried out to confirm its accuracy. And then FEA is performed for the case of window opening to evaluate the soundness and the safety factor of the structure. We have calculated for two kinds of window shape; rectangular one and hexagonal one. And we have calculated safety factors of the lattice structure with window opening in every case based on failure strength of rib and knot with varying the thickness and location of the window for hexagonal shape. Through our investigation, we have found out the followings; (1) the hexagonal shaped window is shown higher safety factor than rectangular one, (2) a window in a certain location is shown higher safety factor than others, (3) although the soundness of window structure is improved as increasing its thickness, a window of a certain thickness is shown higher safety factor than others because of stress concentration.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.54-67
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• 2021

This study is a secondary data study that analyzes the factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly with metabolic syndrome and the elderly with metabolic syndrome with osteoporosis using data from the 7th year of the National Health and Nutrition Survey (2018). The subjects of this study were 639 patients with metabolic syndrome and 161 patients with metabolic syndrome with osteoporosis. For data analysis, the composite sample Rao-Scott χ2 test, general linear model t-test, and regression model were used. As a result of the study, the factors that lowered the quality of life of metabolic syndrome were age, cohabitation, strength training, subjective health status, activity restriction, body mass index and depression, and the explanatory power was 50.4% (F=515.96, p<.001). In metabolic syndrome with osteoporosis, age, subjective health status, activity restriction, and stress were the factors that lowered the quality of life, and the explanatory power was 48.6% (F=10.42, p<.001). Based on these results, it is necessary to develop and provide an intensive multidisciplinary program for the elderly with metabolic syndrome accompanied by osteoporosis to solve the problem of activity restrictions and manage stress reduction through positive acceptance of health status, instrumental and social support, and caring support.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.75-82
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• 2007

The effects of sitting pressure(${\sigma_{sit}}'$) during cementation, relative density and particle characteristics on the cohesion intercept due to cementation bonds and the confining stress inducing the breakage of cementation bonds ${p_i}'_{(BP)}$ are investigated from drained shear tests on the cemented sands confined under the isotropic stress up to 400 kPa. It was observed from the experimental results that the cemented sands, with the same density and gypsum content, show similar values of cohesion intercept and ${p_i}'_{(BP)}$, regardless of ${\sigma_{sit}}'$. Although the cohesion intercept and ${p_i}'_{(BP)}$ of cemented sands are observed to increase with increasing relative density and cementation level, the relative density appears to have more significant effect on ${p_i}'_{(BP)}$ than the cohesion intercept does. From analysing the test results of three different sands, it is shown that the smaller the particle size the larger the cohesion intercept and ${p_i}'_{(BP)}$, due to the increased number of contact points between the particles.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.45-51
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• 2003

Grouting materials in rock is grouted as vein type along the fault surface by the other way for soil and allow a change of characteristics in rock faults as a result of that. Therefore the deformation characteristics of rock faults after grouting differ as a direction and characteristic of grouted fault and stress condition of field rock. Thereby it must be analyzed the effect for deformation of rock according to characteristics of rock faults and characteristics of grouting materials to accurately evaluate the reinforced effect by grouting. But grouting method used in field until present depends on experience of workers, and inspection for those effects are evaluated by measurement of elastic wave velocity, permeability tests and etc. in field. In this study, it was investigated that the effects for shear characteristics of maximum shear strength, residual shear strength and etc. by comparison and analysis of test results which were worked by direct shear tests of rock faults with changing a type of grouting materials and the grouting depth(t) for average width(a) of fault surface roughness when OPC(Ordinary Portland Cement) and Micro cement was grouted in fault surface of field rock to evaluate characteristicsof the shear deformation for rock fault surface of dam by grouting.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.526-532
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• 2000

The uniaxial compressive strength of rock mass is known as the major factor in the assessment of drillability and the optimum excavation design in full-face tunnel excavation by TBM. Referring to worldwide cases, TBM has been applied mostly to the rock mass within the strength range of 80~250 MPa. Recently, a water way tunnel has been constructed as a part of Milyang dam project by TBM within the rock masses where the rock type is mainly granite with some granophyre, hornfels and andesite. Their uniaxial compressive strengths in extended area are estimated higher than 260 MPa. In this paper, the relation between the penetration rate and the rock mass properties is analyzed and TBM application to the very hard rocks is discussed. As a result that three suggestions to predict the TBM net penetration rate are analyzed, NTH method seems a better approach than other methods in the extremely hard rocks. NTH prediction matches with the results of actual values with the variations of 2~20%. Hardness measurement by Schmidt hammer and RMR estimation are carried out along the L = 5.3 km entire TBM tunnel alignment. The net penetration rate measured monthly is shown to be reciprocally proportional to Schmidt rebound hardness and RMR where coefficients of correlation, $R^2$are 0.705 and 0.777 respectively. As a result, they are good quantitative indices for the prediction of TBM net penetration rate in the extremely hard rocks. Magnitude of in-situ stress has a certain effect on TBM performance, and it is required to measure the in-situ stresses in TBM excavation design.

• Composites Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2005

The delamination in the filament-wound composite flywheel rotor often lowers the performance of the flywheel energy storage system. A conventional ring type hub usually causes tensile stresses on the inner surface of the composite rotor, resulting in lowering the maximum rotational speed of the rotor. In this work, the stress and strain distributions within a hybrid composite rotor were derived from the two-dimensional governing equation with the specified boundary conditions, and an optimum pressure at the inner surface of the rotor was proposed to minimize the strength ratio and maximize the storage energy. A split type hub was introduced to apply the calculated optimum pressure at the inner surface, and a spin test was performed up to 40,000 rpm to demonstrate the performance of the split type hub with radial and circumferential strains measured using a wireless telemetry system. From the analysis and the test, it was found that the split type hub successfully generates a compressive pressure on the inner surface of the rotor, which can enhance the performance of the composite rotor by lowering the strength ratio within the rotor.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2014

Particle-reinforced metal matrix composites exhibit a strengthening effect due to the particle size-dependent length scale that arises from the strain gradient, and thus from the geometrically necessary dislocations between the particles and matrix that result from their CTE(Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and elastic-plastic mismatches. In this study, the influence of the size-dependent length scale on the particle-matrix interface failure and ductile failure in the matrix was examined using finite-element punch zone modeling whereby an augmented strength was assigned around the particle. The failure behavior was observed by a parametric study, while varying the interface failure properties such as the interface strength and debonding energy with different particle sizes and volume fractions. It is shown that the two failure modes (interface failure and ductile failure in the matrix) interact with each other and are closely related to the particle size-dependent length scale; in other words, the composite with the smaller particles, which is surrounded by a denser dislocation than that with the larger particles, retards the initiation and growth of the interface and matrix failures, and also leads to a smaller amount of decrease in the flow stress during failure.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.273-284
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• 2018

A detailed understanding of the mechanical behaviors for crushed coal rocks after grouting is a key for construction in the broken zones of mining engineering. In this research, experiments of grouting into the crushed coal rock using independently developed test equipment for solving the problem of sampling of crushed coal rocks have been carried out. The application of uniaxial compression was used to approximately simulate the ground stress in real engineering. In combination with the analysis of crack evolution and failure modes for the grouted specimens, the influences of different crushed degrees of coal rock (CDCR) and solidified grout strength (SGS) on the mechanical behavior of grouted specimens under uniaxial compression were investigated. The research demonstrated that first, the UCS of grouted specimens decreased with the decrease in the CDCR at constant SGS (except for the SGS of 12.3 MPa). However, the UCS of grouted specimens for constant CDCR increased when the SGS increased; optimum solidification strengths for grouts between 19.3 and 23.0 MPa were obtained. The elastic moduli of the grouted specimens with different CDCR generally increased with increasing SGS, and the peak axial strain showed a slightly nonlinear decrease with increasing SGS. The supporting effect of the skeleton structure produced by the solidified grouts was increasingly obvious with increasing CDCR and SGS. The possible evolution of internal cracks for the grouted specimens was classified into three stages: (1) cracks initiating along the interfaces between the coal blocks and solidified grouts; (2) cracks initiating and propagating in coal blocks; and (3) cracks continually propagating successively in the interfaces, the coal blocks, and the solidified grouts near the coal blocks. Finally, after the propagation and coalescence of internal cracks through the entire specimens, there were two main failure modes for the failed grouted specimens. These modes included the inclined shear failure occurring in the more crushed coal rock and the splitting failure occurring in the less crushed coal rock. Both modes were different from the single failure mode along the fissure for the fractured coal rock after grouting solidification. However, compared to the brittle failure of intact coal rock, grouting into the different crushed degree coal rocks resulted in ductile deformation after the peak strength for the grouted specimens was attained.