• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2005

이 논문에서는 현장 수압파쇄시험에서 얻어진 500개 이상의 측정 자료들을 이용하여 국내 과잉 수평응력의 분포 특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 현장 자료를 바탕으로 수평응력 성분의 크기와 작용방향성, 측압계수 분포에 대한 상세 분석을 하였다. 또한 심도에 따른 수평응력 성분들의 상관식과 측압계수 분포 영역의 상, 하한 경계식을 제안하였다. 심도 310m 미만 영역에서 측압계수는 심도 증가에 따라 감소되고 안정화되는 경향을 나타내지만 지역에 따라 심도 loom 이상의 영역에 3.0에 가까운 측압계수를 가지는 과잉 수평장이 형성되어 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 과잉 수평응력장 분포지역에 대한 평가 결과 국내 여러 지역의 심도 310m 이내 구간에서 암반 구조물 굴착시 응력에 의한 취성파괴의 가능성이 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.561-573
• /
• 2006

Statement of the problem: In cases of low bone level in maxilla followed by extraction due to severe periodontitis or enlarged maxillary sinus, crown-root ratio of implant prosthesis will increase. The prognosis of these cases is not good as expected. Purpose : The purpose is to compare stress distribution due to crown-root ratio and effect of splinting between two implants in maxillary molar area under different loads Material and methods: Using ITI($4.1{\times}10$ mm) implant. two finite element models were made(model S: two parallel implants, model A: one of two is 20 degree inclined). Each model was designed in different crown-root ratio(0.7:1, 1:1, 1.25:1) and set cement type gold crown to make it splinted or non-splinted clinical situations. After that, 300 N force was loaded to each model in four ways.(load 1 : middle of occlusal table, load 2 : middle of buccal cusp, load 3 : middle of lingual cusp, load 4 : horizontal load to middle of buccal cusp), and stress distribution was analyzed. Results: On all occasions, stress was concentrated on neck of implant near cortical bone. In the case of inclined implant, stress was increased compared with parallel implants. Under load 1, 2, 3, stress was not increased even when crown-root ratio increases, but under load 4, when crown-root ratio increases, stress also increased. And more stress was concentrated under load 1 than load 2, 3. When crown-root ratio was same, stress under load 1, 2, 3 decreased when splinting, but under load 4, stress did not really decrease. Conclusion: Under vertical load, stress distribution related to crown-root ratio did not change. But under horizontal load, stress increased as crown-root ratio increases. Under vertical load, splinting decreased stress but under horizontal load, effect of splinting was decreased as condition of implant changes for the worse such as increase of crown-root ratio, inclined implant.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.843-852
• /
• 2005

Presently, test results and stress-strain models for poorly confined high-strength columns, more specifically for columns with a tie volumetric ratio smaller than $2.0\%$, are scarce. This paper presents test results loaded in axial direction for square reinforced concrete columns confined by various volumetric ratio lateral ties including low-volumetric ratio. Test variables include concrete compressive strength, tie yield strength, tie arrangement type, and tie volumetric ratio. Local strains measured using strain gages bonded to an acryl rod. For square RC columns confined by lateral ties, the confinement effect was efficiently improved by changing tie arrangement type from Type-A to Type-B. A method to compute the stress in lateral ties at the concrete peak strength and a new stress-strain model for the confined concrete are proposed. Over a wide range of confinement parameters, the model shows good agreement with stress-strain relationships established experimentally.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.581-591
• /
• 2017

Influences of hold time and stress ratio on cyclic creep properties of Grade 91 steel were systemically investigated using a wide range of cyclic creep tests, which were performed with hold times (HTs) of 1 minute, 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes and stress ratios (R) of 0.5, 0.8, 0.85, 0.90, and 0.95 under tension loading cycles at $600^{\circ}C$. Under the influence of HT, the rupture time increased to HT = 5 minutes at R = 0.90 and R = 0.95, but there was no influence at R = 0.50, 0.80, and 0.85. The creep rate was constant regardless of an increase in the HT, except for the case of HT = 5 minutes at R = 0.90 and R = 0.95. Under the influence of stress ratio, the rupture time increased with an increase in the stress ratio, but the creep rate decreased. The cyclic creep led to a reduction in the rupture time and an acceleration in the creep rate compared with the case of monotonic creep. Cyclic creep was found to depend dominantly on the stress ratio rather than on the HT. Fracture surfaces displayed transgranular fractures resulting from microvoid coalescence, and the amount of microvoids increased with an increase in the stress ratio. Enhanced coarsening of the precipitates in the cyclic creep test specimens was found under all conditions.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제60권2호
• /
• pp.95-101
• /
• 2018

The objective of this study is to evaluate the liquefaction cyclic shear stress ratio considering the soil uncertainty. In this study, the probabilistic ground response analysis and the cyclic shear stress ratio analysis for the liquefaction potential evaluation are performed considering the soil variability. The statistical properties of input ground parameters were analyzed to investigate the parameters affecting the seismic response analysis. The Probabilistic analysis was carried out by Monte Carlo Simulation method. The ground response analysis was performed considering the soil variability and the probability distribution characteristics of the ground acceleration. The probability distribution of the peak ground acceleration by seismic characteristics was presented. The differences of liquefaction shear stress ratio results according to soil variability were compared and analyzed. The maximum acceleration of the ground by the deterministic method was analyzed to be overestimation of the ground amplification phenomenon. Also, the shear stress ratio was overestimated.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제18권2E호
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relations between unbonded tendon stress and its influential parameters, i.e. bonded reinforcement ratio, span/depth ratio, and loading type. To this end, the influence of such parameters was examined with twenty eight test results of previous studies. Afterwards, an experimental study was carried out with twenty one test specimens. The investigation of previous and current experiments revealed the followings; (1) The bonded reinforcement ratio and prestressing ratio were proved to be important variables on the unbonded tendon stress. (2) The ratio of span to depth and the type of loading affected the unbonded tendon stress partially although their effects varied with bonded reinforcement ratio. (3) AASHTO LRFD Code and Moon/Lim's design equations predicted the experimental results well with the safety margin.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.62-69
• /
• 1986

본 연구에서는 표면균열의 전파거동에 관한 연구의 일환으로 경량화재료 로서 항공기 구조용으로 널리 사용되고 있는 7075-T651 알루미늄합금을 준비하고 제하탄성 compliance법을 이용하여 표면 및 깊이 방향의 균열진전거동의 특성을 밝히고져 한다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.403-430
• /
• 2014

Shale gas formations exhibit strong mechanical and strength anisotropies. Thus, it is necessary to study the effect of anisotropy on the hydraulic fracture initiation pressure. The calculation model for the in-situ stress of the bedding formation is improved according to the effective stress theory. An analytical model of the stresses around wellbore in shale gas reservoirs, in consideration of stratum dip direction, dip angle, and in-situ stress azimuth, has been built. Besides, this work established a calculation model for the stress around the perforation holes. In combination with the tensile failure criterion, a prediction model for the hydraulic fracture initiation pressure in the shale gas reservoirs is put forward. The error between the prediction result and the measured value for the shale gas reservoir in the southern Sichuan Province is only 3.5%. Specifically, effects of factors including elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio, in-situ stress ratio, tensile strength, perforation angle (the angle between perforation direction and the maximum principal stress) of anisotropic formations on hydraulic fracture initiation pressure have been investigated. The perforation angle has the largest effect on the fracture initiation pressure, followed by the in-situ stress ratio, ratio of tensile strength to pore pressure, and the anisotropy ratio of elasticity moduli as the last. The effect of the anisotropy ratio of the Poisson's ratio on the fracture initiation pressure can be ignored. This study provides a reference for the hydraulic fracturing design in shale gas wells.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.131-139
• /
• 1992

The understanding and appllication of fatigue crack propagation mechanism in variable amplitude loading is very important for life prediction of the air travel structures. Particularly, the retardation and arrest behavior of fatigue crack propagation by single tension overloading is essential to the understanding and appllication of fatigue crack propagation mechanism in variable amplitude loading. Numerous studies of the retardation behavior have been performed, however investigations of the arrest behavior have not been enough yet. As for the arrest behavior, Willenborg had reported that the overload shut-off ratio $[R_{so}=(K_{OL})/K_{max})_{crack arrest}]$ had been the material constant, but recently several investigators have reported that the overload shut-off ratio depends upon the stress ratio. In this study, authors have investigated the effect of stress ratio on the threshold overload shut-off ratio to generate arrest of fatigue crack growth in high tensile aluminum alloy 7075-T735 which have used in material for air travel structures, It has been $-0.4\leqqR\leqq0.4$ till now, the region of stress ratio investigated. The threshold overload shut-off ratio has decreased as stress ratio has increased in overall region of -$-0.4\leqqR\leqq0.4$ and the linearity has been seen in this material. Moreover, the experimental equation between $R_{so}$ and R has been made; The relation has been $R_{so}=-R+2.6$.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.808-813
• /
• 2004

The stress analysis on orthotropic composite cylindrical shells with one circular or one elliptical cutout subjected to an axial force is carried out by using an analytical and experimental method. The composite cylindrical shell governing equation of the Donnell's type is applied to this study and all results are presented by the stress concentration factor. The stress concentration factor is defined as the ratio of the stress on the region around a cutout to the nominal stress of the shell. The stress concentration factor is classified into the circumferential stress concentration factors and the radial stress concentration factors due to the cylindrical coordinate of which the origin is the center of a cutout. The considered loading condition is only axial tension loading condition. In this study, thus, the maximum stress is induced on perpendicular region against axial direction, on the coordinate. Various cutout sizes are expressed using the radius ratio, (equation omitted), which is the radius of a cutout over one of the cylindrical shell. Experimental results are obtained using strain gages, which are attached around a cutout of the cylindrical shell. As the result from this study, the stress concentration around a cutout can be predicted by using the analytical method for an orthotropic composite cylindrical shell having a circular or an elliptical cutout.