• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to classify the plant species occurring in the saline reclaimed land by saline tolerance. The vegetation of reclaimed land was composed of various plant species from halophyte to glycophyte showing different saline tolerances. In the investigated saline region, reclaimed land of Youngjong island, Inchun city, 175 species belonging to 32 families were found. Our survey was carried out in two region, having different salinity due to different desalinization. The electricalconductivity (EC) of more saline region showed 48.0mS/cm nd the other region showed 13.0mS/cm. It is assumed that intensity of precipitation and runoff of rainfall may cause salinity gradient in the investigated region. The plant species occurred in the experimental region were classified as 72 species of annual, 42 species of biennial, and 61 species of perennial according to life cycle. For knowing relationship between vegetation of saline region and saline tolerance of occurring species, we tested the saline susceptibility of plant species collected at the saline regions. Testing plants were cultured by nutrient solution containing 200 mM NaCl, the critical concentration of survival in glycophytes. The saline tolerance was graded by the growing capacity in the sand-culture system. The more saline-tolerant species screened by sand culture were Atriplex gmelini, Suaeda asparagoides, Aster tripolium, Suaeda maritima, Salicornia herbacea, and Suaeda japonica. The most saline tolerant family was Chenopodiaceae. Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Brassicaceae showed relatively high tolerance to saline stress. In the course of growth under the high saline condition, the most noticeable change was the darkening of leaves by increasing of chlorophyll content. The chlorophyll contents were increased with saline stress in most species.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between oriental obesity pattern, life habitual factors(eating attitude, physical activity) and psychological factors(depression, stress, self-esteem) in korean obese and overweight women. Methods: This study was performed in obese and overweight(BMI ${\geq}$ 23 kg/$m^2$) women in Korea (n=56). Simple anthropometry including weight, BMI, waist circumference, BIA(bioelectrical impedance analysis) were done. To assess psychological factors, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES) questionnaire, Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaire and stress response inventory (SRI) questionnaire were administered. Regarding diet, Korean eating attitude test(KEAT-26) was done. International physical activity questionnaire(IPAQ) was administered for exercise and physical activity intensity and quantities. All values were verified using correlation analysis. Results: 1. The subjects had stagnation of the liver qi>food accumulation>yang deficiency>blood stasis>spleen vacuity in the order. 2. Stagnation of the liver qi score had significant relationships with self-esteem(r=-0.520, p<0.05) and depression(r=0.688, p<0.01) in stagnation of the liver qi group. There was a relationship between food accumulation score and eating attitude(r=0.784, p<0.01) in food accumulation group. 3. Lean mass had a significant relationship with self-esteem(r=0.434, p<0.05) fat mass had a significant relationship with stress (r=0.633, p<0.01) and in stagnation of the liver qi group. 4. Physical activity had significant relationships with lean mass(r=0.628, p<0.01) and with fat mass(r=-0.478, p<0.05) in group. Conclusions: This study maintained that psychological factors play major roles in obesity with symptoms of stagnation of the liver qi and life habit(dietary factors and physical activity) in food accumulation.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.343-362
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• 2020

English is a stress-timed language that has a phonetic system in which the speech is restructured by stress changes. On the other hand, Korean is a syllable-timed language in which each syllable is pronounced at almost the same length and intensity, and Korean and English have distinctly different metrical systems in general speech. However, as the language of the lyrics in K-Pop music is mixed in both languages, Korean and English, the Korean lyrics in K-Pop music have a metrical system by stress changes as in English. The writer's view is that the change in the metrical structure of Korean lyrics is inevitable in order to sustain the new Korean Wave. Therefore, in this study, dance music - a major genre of K-Pop music that focuses on rhythm expression - is classified into 1998, 2003, and 2009 according to the changes in the Korean Wave, and the metrical structure of each period is compared and analyzed. Based on this, the current K-Pop metrical structure features are derived and the K-Pop Korean writing method is proposed that deviates from the existing limited writing method which allocates one syllable per note. The author hopes this research will be used as a methodology for writing lyrics in Korean songs in K-Pop, as well as a way to encourage the use of Korean lyrics.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.142-150
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• 2023

AZO/Cu/AZO thin films were deposited on glass by RF magnetron sputtering. The specimens showed the preferred orientation of (0002) AZO and (111) Cu. The Cu crystal sizes increased from about 3.7 nm to about 8.5 nm with increasing Cu thickness, and from about 6.3 nm to about 9.5 nm with increasing heat treatment temperatures. The sizes of AZO crystals were almost independent of the Cu thickness, and increased slightly with heat treatment temperature. The residual stress of AZO after heat treatment also increased compressively from -4.6 GPa to -5.6 GPa with increasing heat treatment temperature. The increase in crystal size resulted from grain growth, and the increase in stress resulted from the decrease in defects that accompanied grain growth, and the thermal stress during cooling from heat treatment temperature to room temperature. From the PL spectra, the decrease in defects during heat treatment resulted in the increased intensity. The electrical resistivities of the 4 nm Cu film were 5.9×10^-4 Ω·cm and about 1.0×10^-4 Ω·cm for thicker Cu films. The resistivity decreased as the temperature of heat treatment increased. As the Cu thickness increased, an increase in carrier concentration resulted, as the fraction of AZO/Cu/AZO metal film increased. And the increase in carrier concentration with increasing heat treatment temperature might result from the diffusion of Cu ions into AZO. Transmittance decreased with increasing Cu thicknesses, and reached a maximum near the 500 nm wavelength after being heat treated at 200 ℃.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

Recently, as the occurrence frequency of sudden floods due to climate change increased, it is necessary to install the facilities that can cope with the initial stormwater. Most researches have been conducted on the design of facilities applying the Low Impact Development (LID) and the reduction effect on rainfall runoff to examine with 1D or 2D numerical models. However, the studies on the examination about flow characteristics and stability of pipe network systems were relatively insufficient in the literature. In this study, the stability of the pipe network system in rainwater storage tank was examined by using 3D numerical model, FLOW-3D. The changes of velocity and dynamic pressure were examined according to the number of rainwater storage tank and compared with the design criteria to derive the optimal design plan for a rainwater storage tank. As a results of numerical simulation with the design values in the previous study, it was confirmed that the velocity became increased as the number of rainwater storage tank increased. And magnitude of the velocity in pipes was formed within the design criteria. However, the velocity in the additional rainwater storage pipe was about 3.44 m/s exceeding the allowable range of the design criteria, when three or more additional rainwater storage tanks were installed. In the case of turbulence intensity and bottom shear stress, the bottom shear stress was larger than the critical shear stress as the additional rainwater storage was increased. So, the deposition of sediment was unlikely to occur, but it should be considered that the floc was formed by the reduction of the turbulence intensity. In addition, the dynamic pressure was also satisfied with the design criteria when the results were compared with the allowable internal pressure of the pipes generally used in the design of rainwater storage tank. Based on these results, it was suitable to install up to two additional rainwater storage tanks because the drainage becomes well when increasing of the number of storage tank and the velocity in the pipe becomes faster to be vulnerable to damage the pipe. However, this study has a assumption about the specifications of the rainwater storage tanks and the inflow of stormwater and has a limitation such that deriving the suitable rainwater storage tank design by simply adding the storage tank. Therefore, the various storage tank types and stormwater inflow scenarios will be asked to derive more efficient design plans in the future.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.976-983
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• 2023

Purpose: The dynamic behavior of a bridge structure under seismic loading depends on many uncertainties, such as the nature of the seismic waves and the material and geometric properties. However, not all uncertainties have a significant impact on the dynamic behavior of a bridge structure. Since probabilistic seismic performance evaluation considering even low-impact uncertainties is computationally expensive, the uncertainties should be identified by considering their impact on the dynamic behavior of the bridge. Therefore, in this study, a global sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the main parameters affecting the dynamic behavior of bridges with I-curved girders. Method: Considering the uncertainty of the earthquake and the material and geometric uncertainty of the curved bridge, a finite element analysis was performed, and a surrogate model was developed based on the analysis results. The surrogate model was evaluated using performance metrics such as coefficient of determination, and finally, a global sensitivity analysis based on the surrogate model was performed. Result: The uncertainty factors that have the greatest influence on the stress response of the I-curved girder under seismic loading are the peak ground acceleration (PGA), the height of the bridge (h), and the yield stress of the steel (fy). The main effect sensitivity indices of PGA, h, and fy were found to be 0.7096, 0.0839, and 0.0352, respectively, and the total sensitivity indices were found to be 0.9459, 0.1297, and 0.0678, respectively. Conclusion: The stress response of the I-shaped curved girder is dominated by the uncertainty of the input motions and is strongly influenced by the interaction effect between each uncertainty factor. Therefore, additional sensitivity analysis of the uncertainty of the input motions, such as the number of input motions and the intensity measure(IM), and a global sensitivity analysis considering the structural uncertainty, such as the number and curvature of the curved girders, are required.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

InGaP epilayers were grown on the flat, $2^{\circ}$off, $6^{\circ}$ off, and $10^{\circ}$off GaAs substrates by organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy, and influences of crystallographic misorientation of the substrate on the structural and optical properties such as lattice mismatch, elastic strain, lattice curvature, misfit stress, and PL intensity /line-width were investigated in this study. Material characterizations were carried out by TXRD( tripple-axis x-ray diffractometer) and low temperature (11K) PL (photoluminescence). With increase of the substrate misorientation angle (S.M.A.), the relative incorporation of Ga atoms on the substrate surface was found to be enhanced. Also, with increase of the S. M. A., the x-ray line-width of the InGaP epilayer was reduced, indicating that the crystal quality of the epilayer could be improved tilth a misoriented substrate. It was also found that the elastic accommodation of the strain-free lattice misfit was more remarkable in a misoriented sample. PL intensity increased, and PL line-width and emission wavelength decreased with the increase of S. M. A. The results conclude that the elastic characteristics and the crystal quality of the InGaP epilayer could be remarkably enhanced when the misoriented substrates were employed.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.177-188
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• 2005

In this study, the thermal environmental factors in a layer f(arm such as dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and illumination intensity were measured and analyzed to serve as basis for effective design and plan of poultry houses. The correlation analysis between the different factors was also done. Heat Index as measure of the thermal stress was also calculated and analyzed. A $1,000m^2$ laying house, 4 meters high with 52,000 layers in six-stage type cages was used in the measurement of the different environmental parameters. The results were as follows; 1. The temperature of the inside air and materials was directly related to the increase in aerial temperature based on the dry-bulb, black globe temperature reading. The correlation factor of the outside to inside air based on dry bulb setting was very significant at 0.927 The dry bulb temperature for inside temperature ranged from $19.9\~28.8^{\circ}C\;with\;SD+2.2^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $16.2\~33.1^{\circ}C,\;SD+3.5^{\circ}C$. In addition, the temperature of the inside air was very stable. 2. The black globe temperature of the inside air ranged from $20.1\~28.8^{\circ}C,\;SD+2.3^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $16.2\~47.5^{\circ}C,\;SD+6.0^{\circ}C$. 3. The relative humidity of the outside and inside air was $72.4\~100\;and\;50.2\~85.6\%$ with an average of $89.2\;and\;71.7\%$, respectively. 4. The illumination intensity in the laying house was less than 7 lux, with an average of $1.2\~2.5lux$ relative to height indicating that the laying house was well isolated from outside radiation. 5. The heat index of the inside air of the laying house had a high variation from $20.5^{\circ}C,\;SD+2.5^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $13.1\~45.5^{\circ}C$, with an average of $21.6^{\circ}C,\;SD+6.3^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.244-253
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• 2007

In this study, mortality, body wet weight, health assessment, and short-term behavioral mode were observed to determine the effects of ultrasound on the ecological response of the carp Cyprinus carpio. Mortality in the treatments was less than 5% during ultrasound exposure (31 dB re 1 ${\mu}Pa$, $14{\sim}15$ kHz) and there were no significant differences among the replicates (P>0.05). The treatments, based on mean wet weight, exhibited greater effect than the controls, but the magnitude of the differences was not large. Skins and tail fins of some test animals exposed to the controls and intensive treatment groups had light injury such as hemorrhaging, whereas, damages in other organs such as eyes, other fins, parasites, thymus, and gills were not observed (P>0.05). Sudden stimuli in low intensity at a short distance caused a directional avoidance of the fish from the sound. However, the carp exposed to ultrasound at the large scale field was not observed clear behavior changes. Overall results suggest that fish exposed to the low-intensity ultrasound had no serious stress during the tests.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2015

Objective : Elevated cellular retinoic acid binding protein-I (CRABP-I) is thought to be related to the abnormal proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Accordingly, a higher CRABP-I level could cause disorganized vessel walls by causing immature SMC phenotypes and altering extracellular matrix proteins which could result in vulnerable arterial walls with inadequate responses to hemodynamic stress. We hypothesized that elevated CRABP-I level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be related to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Moreover, we also extended this hypothesis in patients with vascular malformation according to the presence of hemorrhage. Methods : We investigated the CSF of 26 patients : SAH, n=7; unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA), n=7; arteriovenous malformation (AVM), n=4; cavernous malformation (CM), n=3; control group, n=5. The optical density of CRABP-I was confirmed by Western blotting and presented as mean${\pm}$standard error of the measurement. Results : CRABP-I in SAH ($0.33{\pm}0.09$) was significantly higher than that in the UIA ($0.12{\pm}0.01$, p=0.033) or control group ($0.10{\pm}0.01$, p=0.012). Hemorrhage presenting AVM (mean 0.45, ranged 0.30-0.59) had a higher CRABP-I level than that in AVM without hemorrhage presentation (mean 0.16, ranged 0.14-0.17). The CRABP-I intensity in CM with hemorrhage was 0.21 and 0.31, and for CM without hemorrhage 0.14. Overall, the hemorrhage presenting group (n=11, $0.34{\pm}0.06$) showed a significantly higher CRABP-I intensity than that of the non-hemorrhage presenting group (n= 10, $0.13{\pm}0.01$, p=0.001). Conclusion : The results suggest that elevated CRABP-I in the CSF could be related with aneurysm rupture. Additionally, a higher CRABP-I level seems to be associated with hemorrhage development in vascular malformation.