• 대한신경과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2017

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a noninvasive optical method, utilizes the characteristic absorption spectra of hemoglobin in the near-infrared range to provide information on cerebral hemodynamic changes in various clinical situations. NIRS monitoring have been used mainly to detect reduced perfusion of the brain during orthostatic stress for three common forms of orthostatic intolerance (OI); orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Autonomic function testing is an important diagnostic test to assess their autonomic nervous systems for patients with symptom of OI. However, these techniques cannot measure dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow. There are many experimentations about study of NIRS to reveal the pathophysiology of patients with OI. Research using NIRS in other neurologic diseases (stroke, epilepsy and migraine) are ongoing. NIRS have been experimentally used in all stages of stroke and may complement the established diagnostic and monitoring tools. NIRS also provide pathophysiological approach during rehabilitation and secondary prevention of stroke. The hemodynamic response to seizure has long been a topic for discussion in association with the neuronal damage resulting from convulsion. One critical issue when unpredictable events are to be detected is how continuous NIRS data are analyzed. Besides, NIRS studies targeting pathophysiological aspects of migraine may contribute to a deeper understanding of mechanisms relating to aura of migraine. NIRS monitoring may play an important role to trend regional hemodynamic distribution of flow in real time and also highlights the pathophysiology and management of not only patients with OI symptoms but also those with various neurologic diseases.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2022

The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Coreopsis lanceolate extract against hydrogen-peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage and cell death in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbebzothiazoloine-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities, as well as the expression levels of proteins associated with oxidative damage and cell death were investigated. According to the results, C. lanceolate extract exhibited inhibitory activity against intracellular ROS generation and cell-damaging effects induced by hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 22.3 mg·g^-1 gallic acid equivalent and 16.2 mg·g^-1 catechin equivalent, respectively. Additionally, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay based on the internal standard method used to detect phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds identified in C. lanceolata extract contained (+)-catechin hydrate (5.0 ± 0.0 mg·g^-1), ferulic acid (1.6 ± 0.0 mg·g^-1), chlorogenic acid (1.5 ± 0.0 mg·g^-1), caffeic acid (1.2 ± 0.0 mg·g-1), naringin (0.9 ± 0.0 mg·g^-1), and p-coumaric acid (0.5 ± 0.0 mg·g^-1). C. lanceolata extract attenuated pro-apoptotic Bax expression levels and enhanced the expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-9 proteins. Therefore, C. lanceolata is a potential source of materials with neuroprotective properties against neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2023

Purpose : Cymbopogon citratus, also known as lemongrass, has widely spread around the world and its essential oil is usually applied in food, perfume, and other industrial purposes. In addition, C. citratus has also been used for the treatment of inflammation, digestive disorders, and diabetes in traditional medicine. In this study, the antioxidative activity of C. citratus ethanol extract (CCEE) was analyzed in RAW 264.7 cells through the induction of one of phase II enzymes, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 by nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf)2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Methods : The antioxidative activity of CCEE against oxidative stress and its underlying molecular mechanisms were analyzed by the cell viability assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation assay, and Western blot analysis in RAW 264.7 cells. Results : The results exhibited that CCEE potently attenuated tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced intracellular ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity. CCEE treatment significantly induced the expression of HO-1 which is known for its antioxidative capacity. In addition, CCEE treatment significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2, a corresponding transcription factor for the regulation of antioxidative enzymes, which was in accordance with the HO-1 overexpression. MAPK and PI3K/Akt were also evaluated for their important roles in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis against oxidative damage. As a result, the potent HO-1 expression was mediated by not extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), p38, but phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation. To confirm the antioxidative activity of CCEE-induced HO-1 expression, oxidative damage was initiated by t-BHP and attenuated by CCEE treatment, which was identified by HO-1 selective inhibitor and inducer. Conclusion : Consequently, CCEE potently induced the HO-1-mediated antioxidative potential through the modulation of Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that CCEE could be a promising strategy for the mitigation against cellular oxidative damage.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.72-78
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• 2023

연구목적 코로나19 감염으로 인한 다양한 정신과적 증상, 정신신체증상을 파악하고 장기적 영향을 조사하였다. 방 법 체계적 문헌고찰을 통해 국내외 데이터베이스에서 논문을 선정하고, "COVID-19", "psychosomatic" 등의 검색어를 활용하였다. 정신신체증상에 대한 구조화된 측정도구를 사용한 연구를 포함하여, 총 16편의 논문이 최종 분석 대상으로 포함되었다. 결 과 코로나19 급성 감염과 관련된 정신증상으로는 불안, 우울, 신체증상 등이 보고되고 있다. 장기간 지속되는 포스트 코로나증후군의 증상으로는 흉통, 피로 등이 보고되었고, 이와 관련된 정신신체증상의 발생 빈도는 10%-20%로 파악되었다. 감염병으로 인한 심리사회적 스트레스, 여성, 노인, 정신과적 기왕력이나 동반 정신질환 등의 요인이 관련을 미친다. 전신염증, 자가면역, 자율신경계의 이상반응 등이 관련이 있을 것으로 생각되고 있다. 결 론 코로나19 감염 이후 발생하는 정신신체증상은 삶의 질과 심리사회적 기능에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 뿐 아니라 증상에 대한 정신과적 이해와 접근은 예방과 치료에도 중요하다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.899-916
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is a fundamental neurodegenerative disease trigger that damages and decimates nerve cells. Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic central nervous system disorders that progress and result from neuronal degradation and loss. Recent studies have extensively focused on neurodegenerative disease treatment and prevention using dietary compounds. Heseperetin is an aglycone hesperidin form with various physiological activities, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antitumor. However, few studies have considered hesperetin's neuroprotective effects and mechanisms; thus, our study investigated this in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-treated SH-SY5Y cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were treated with H₂O₂ (400 µM) in hesperetin absence or presence (10-40 µM) for 24 h. Three-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays detected cell viability, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining allowed us to observe nuclear morphology changes such as chromatin condensation and apoptotic nuclei. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays measured intracellular ROS production; Griess reaction assays assessed nitric oxide (NO) production. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reactions quantified corresponding mRNA and proteins. RESULTS: Subsequent experiments utilized various non-toxic hesperetin concentrations, establishing that hesperetin notably decreased intracellular ROS and NO production in H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hesperetin inhibited H₂O₂-induced inflammation-related gene expression, including interluekin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activation. In addition, hesperetin inhibited NF-κB translocation into H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cell nuclei and suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinase protein expression, an essential apoptotic cell death regulator. Various apoptosis hallmarks, including shrinkage and nuclear condensation in H₂O₂-treated cells, were suppressed dose-dependently. Additionally, hesperetin treatment down-regulated Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratios and activated AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin autophagy pathways. CONCLUSION: These results substantiate that hesperetin activates autophagy and inhibits apoptosis and inflammation. Hesperetin is a potentially potent dietary agent that reduces neurodegenerative disease onset, progression, and prevention.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.50.1-50.11
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• 2023

Background: The rise in telecommuting or non-face-to-face work owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has fueled conversations regarding the "right to disconnect." Although evidence suggests that receiving work-related communications through telecommunication devices outside of work hours may lead to various symptoms and illnesses, limited research has been undertaken on these symptoms. This study therefore aims to investigate the correlation between receiving work communications through telecommunication devices after work hours and the occurrence of work-related headaches and eyestrain in full-time, non-shift white-collar workers. Methods: This study used data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. The frequency of using telecommunication devices for work purposes outside of working hours was divided into five categories: "Every day," "Several times a week," "Several times a month," "Rarely," and "Never." Work-related headaches and eyestrain were categorized based on a "yes" or "no" response to the survey questions. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0. Results: After adjusting for sex, age, income level, education, occupation, workplace size, work hours, and sleep disorders, the odds ratio (OR) of work-related headaches and eyestrain based on frequency of telecommunication device usage were as follows: "rarely" (OR: 1.292; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.111-1.503), "several times a month" (OR: 1.551; 95% CI: 1.249-1.926), "several times a week" (OR: 1.474; 95% CI: 1.217-1.784), and "every day" (OR: 1.548; 95% CI: 1.321-1.813). Conclusions: Employees who use telecommunication devices for work after regular hours are more susceptible to experiencing work-related headaches and eyestrain compared to those who do not. However, there is a dearth of research examining the physical and mental health impacts of using telecommunication devices for after-hours work. Furthermore, the existing preventative measures in Korea are insufficient. Consequently, it is imperative to develop effective measures and conduct additional research to address this issue.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권5호
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• pp.510-520
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• 2024

Objective : Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The treatment of PD aims to alleviate motor symptoms by replacing the reduced endogenous dopamine. Currently, there are no disease-modifying agents for the treatment of PD. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as an effective tool for new drug discovery and screening in the age of translational research. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is known to cause a similar loss of dopaminergic neurons in the human midbrain, with corresponding Parkinsonian symptoms. L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) have been implicated in the generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress, which underlies the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, we investigated the neuro-restorative effect of LTCC inhibition in an MPTP-induced zebrafish PD model and suggested a possible drug candidate that might modify the progression of PD. Methods : All experiments were conducted using a line of transgenic zebrafish, Tg(dat:EGFP), in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed in dopaminergic neurons. The experimental groups were exposed to 500 μmol MPTP from 1 to 3 days post fertilization (dpf). The drug candidates : levodopa 1 mmol, nifedipine 10 μmol, nimodipine 3.5 μmol, diethylstilbestrol 0.3 μmol, luteolin 100 μmol, and calcitriol 0.25 μmol were exposed from 3 to 5 dpf. Locomotor activity was assessed by automated tracking and dopaminergic neurons were visualized in vivo by confocal microscopy. Results : Levodopa, nimodipine, diethylstilbestrol, and calcitriol had significant positive effects on the restoration of motor behavior, which was damaged by MPTP. Nimodipine and calcitriol have significant positive effects on the restoration of dopaminergic neurons, which were reduced by MPTP. Through locomotor analysis and dopaminergic neuron quantification, we identified the neuro-restorative effects of nimodipine and calcitriol in zebrafish MPTP-induced PD model. Conclusion : The present study identified the neuro-restorative effects of nimodipine and calcitriol in an MPTP-induced zebrafish model of PD. They restored dopaminergic neurons which were damaged due to the effects of MPTP and normalized the locomotor activity. LTCCs have potential pathological roles in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Zebrafish are highly amenable to high-throughput drug screening and might, therefore, be a useful tool to work towards the identification of disease-modifying treatment for PD. Further studies including zebrafish genetic models to elucidate the mechanism of action of the disease-modifying candidate by investigating Ca2+ influx and mitochondrial function in dopaminergic neurons, are needed to reveal the pathogenesis of PD and develop disease-modifying treatments for PD.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.1545-1552
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• 2005

본 실험에서 흰쥐에 실험적으로 급성위염, 위궤양 및 십이지장궤양을 유발하고 지유 에틸아세테이트분획을 투여하여 항위염 및 항궤양에 미치는 영향을 검토하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 지유 에탄올 추출물을 n-헥산, 클로르포룸, 에틸아세테이트 및 n-부타놀과 물로 계통분획하여 농축하고 in vitro에서 항산화력을 측정한 결과 에틸아세테이트분획이 가장 우수하였다. 지유 에틸아세테이트분획 (SOL & SOH)의 HCI-EtOH급성위염에 대한 억제율은 각각 $27.7\%$, $31.7\%$로 대조약물로 사용된 cimetidine(CMT, $47.2\%$)의 억제효과에는 미치지 못했으나 CON에 비해 우수하였다. Indomethacin유발 위궤양에서, SOL & SOH의 위궤양억제율은 각각 $48.28\%$, $51.08\%$로 대조약물로 사용된 CMT($58.26\%$)의 억제효과에는 미치지 못했으나 CON에 비하며 유의 성있는 억제효과를 나타냈다. Shay 위궤양에서, 지유 에틸아세테이트분획을 십이지장에서 위내로 투여하였을 때 궤양 억제율은 SOL이 $42.86\%$로 CON에 비하여 억제되었으나 유의성 있는 효과는 아니었으며, 용량을 증량하여 투여한 SOH는 $47.71\%$로 대조약물인 omeprazol(OMP)의 저해효과($62.00\%$)에 미치지는 못했으나 CON에 비해 유의적민 효과를 나타내었다. 위액량 및 총위산분비량에서, 지유 에틸아세데이트분획 투여로 CON에 비하여 $32.11\%$와 $47.69\%$, $24.28\%$와 $34.69\%$의 감소로 유의성 있는 효과를 나타냈으며 OMP($55.69\%$, $41.62\%$)에 근접하게 감소되었다. pepsin 활성은 지유 에틸아세테이트분획 투여로 CON에 비해 각각 $19.55\%$, $\%21.45$가 저하되었으나 유의성있는 변화는 아니었다. 수침 $\cdot$ 구속 스트레스에 의해 유발된 궤양의 경우, SOL는 궤양억제율이 $9.23\%$ 로 CON와 유사하게 출혈을 동반한 깊은 궤양이 관찰되었으나 용량을 증량하여 투여한 SOH는 $48.45\%$로 CON에 비해 궤양의 깊이도 얕아졌고 출혈을 동반한 궤양도 감소되어 유의적인 억제율을 나타내었다. Cysteamine 유발 십이지장궤양에서, CMT는 유발된 십이지장 궤양을 CON에 비해 $54\%$ 정도 억제하여 우수한 항궤양효과를 나타냈고 시료투여군인 SOL 및 SOH는 CMT보다 우수하지는 않았으나 약 $35\∼42\%$ 정도의 궤양억제율을 나타냈다. 이상의 실험결과에서 지유의 항위염 및 항궤양효과는 항산화물질에 의한 결과로 판단되어지며, 앞으로 위염 및 위궤양 개선을 위한 건강 기능성 식품으로 개발이 기대된다

• 정신신체의학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2008

연구목적 : 당뇨병 환자들은 질환 자체에 대한 부담감과 혈당 관리를 위한 약물 및 식이요법과 운동 요법 등의 유지에 대한 부담감이 스트레스로 작용하고 있으며, 이러한 심리적 스트레스가 혈당조절에 악영향을 줄 수 있다. 당뇨병 환자들은 일반 인구에 비해 우울증 및 불안장애의 유병율이 높으며, 이러한 우울증과 불안장애의 증상은 또 다시 혈당조절에 부정적인 영향을 주게 된다. 이에 본 연구는 우울과 불안증상이 혈당조절에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 단국대학교병원 내분비내과에서 외래통원치료 중인 30세 이상의 당뇨병 환자 65명을 대상으로 하여, 정맥 혈액채취로 당화혈색소(Hemoglobin A1c；이하 HbA1c) 수치를 얻었으며, 자가보고식 설문지인 Beck의 우울척도(Beck's Depression Inventory;이하 BDI) 및 Beck의 불안척도(Beck's Anxiety Inventory;이하 BAI)를 시행하여 통계분석을 하였다. 결과 : 65명의 당뇨병 환자 중 경한 우울증상을 보인 환자는 27명(41.5%), 중등도 이상의 우울증상을 보인 환자는 6명으로(9.23%) 일반 인구에 비해 높은 빈도를 보였다. HbA1c와 BDI간에는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았으나 HbA1c와 BAI간에 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며(R=0.567, P<0.001), 다중회귀분석에서 BAI는 혈당조절에 영향을 미치고 있었으나($\beta=0.551$, T=4.912, P<0.001) BDI와 체질량지수, 당뇨병 합병증의 수 및 유병기간은 HbA1c에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 일반 인구에 비해 우울증상을 보이는 당뇨병 환자의 빈도가 높았으며, 불안증상을 보이는 당뇨병 환자의 빈도는 높지 않았다. 당뇨병 환자에서 우울증상과 혈당조절간의 유의한 연관성을 보이지 않았으나 불안증상과 혈당조절 간에는 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 결론적으로 우울증상은 혈당조절에 별 영향을 미치지 않으나 불안증상은 혈당조절에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1070-1077
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• 2017

활성산소종으로 유도되는 연골 세포의 apoptosis는 퇴행성 관절염의 발병 기전에 중요한 역할을 한다. Schisandrin 속의 과일에서 발견되는 생체 활성 화합물인 schisandrin A는 여러 가지 약리학적 작용을 하는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 현재까지 schisandrin A의 유도체들의 항산화 효과에 대해서는 여러 연구가 보고되었지만, schisandrin A의 항산화 효능의 분자 기전은 아직 미해결 상태로 남아 있다. 본 연구는 SW1353 인간 연골세포에서 산화적 스트레스($H_2O_2$)에 대한 schisandrin A의 세포 보호 여부를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 schisandrin A는 PARP 단백질의 분해와 caspase-3의 활성 차단을 통해 $H_2O_2$에 의해 유도된 성장 억제와 apoptosis를 유의적으로 억제하였다. 이러한 schisandrin A의 anti-apoptotic 효과는 미토콘드리아 기능 손상의 억제와 pro-apoptotic Bax의 발현 증가 및 anti-apoptotic Bcl-2의 발현 감소의 차단과도 관련이 있었다. 또한, schisandrin A는 ROS의 생성과 DNA 손상 마커인 H2AX의 인산화도 효과적으로 저해하였다. 따라서 SW1353 연골세포에서 schisandrin A는 산화적 스트레스에 의한 ROS 생성의 억제를 통하여 apoptosis와 DNA 손상을 보호하였음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 본 연구의 결과는 schisandrin A가 ROS의 과잉 생산으로 인한 산화적 장애에 치료적 잠재력이 있음을 보여준다.