• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.111-115
• /
• 2010

To study the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen in mountain streams, and anthropologic and natural factors, the water chemistry of the mountain streams in the entire Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, were investigated. A thousand mountain streams were investigated between 1998 and 2001. The concentrations of nitrate nitrogen ranged from 2.92 to 0.1 mg/L, with an arithmetic mean value of 0.45 mg/L. A number of streams showing more than 1.0 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen accounted for 8% of the mountain streams investigated. These results indicated that the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in the mountain streams were low in the entire Hyogo Prefecture. In general, the mountain stream water in Hyogo Prefecture appears to not have been affected by wet and dry deposition originating from anthropologic sources in mountain streams and Japan. On the other hand, sites with more than 0.8 mg/L nitrate nitrogen were distributed over the entire Hyogo Prefecture, which were classified into five groups. Each group showed unique geographical, geological and anthropological characteristics. No common characteristic among five groups were discover. These results suggest that the cause of high concentrations of nitrogen in mountain streams is not from a uniform set of conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.661-669
• /
• 2013

River-water quality has been greatly improved during past several decades with the extraordinary expansion for the wastewater treatment capacities by the government. Research aims to select the priority restoration streams based on the chronicle data for tributaries in Geumgang watershed as the main stream area in the Chungchungnamdo province. The quality of BOD, phosphorus and percent of sewered population on 15 branch streams were compared by the grouping methods. The results of group D streams by category I that exceed 3.0 mg/L for BOD and 0.1 mg/L for phosphorus were Seuksung, Ganggyung and Bangchuk stream. The results of group D streams by category II that exceed 3.0 mg/L for BOD and less than 63.5 % of average percent of sewered population were Ganggyung, Gilsan, Bangchuk and Seuksung stream. The final results of selected streams drawn by the chronicle data which exceeded the standard quality and lower than the average percent of sewered population were Seoksung, Gangeyung and Bangchuk stream. The pollution of rivers in the down streams were more serious than in the upper streams. Their watersheds have to be improved river water quality, especially to extend sewer systems as well as wastewater treatment facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.55-67
• /
• 2022

Land use is a critical factor that affects the hydrological characteristics of watersheds, thereby determining the biological condition of streams. This study analyzes the effects of land uses in the watersheds on biological indicators of streams across the Han River basin using a linear model (LM) and generalized additive model (GAM). LULC and biological monitoring data of streams were obtained from the Korean Ministry of Environment. The proportions of urban, agricultural, and forest areas in the watersheds were regressed to the three biological indicators, including diatom, benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish of streams. The estimated LM and GAM models for the biological indicators were then compared, using regression determination R² and AIC values. The results revealed that GAM models performed better than the LM models in explaining the variances of biological indicators of streams, indicating the non-linear relationships between biological indicators and land uses in watersheds. Also, the results suggested that the indicator of macroinvertebrates was the most sensitive indicator to land uses in watersheds. Although non-linear relationships between watershed land uses and biological indicators of streams could vary among biological indicators, it was consistent that streams' biological integrity significantly deteriorated by a relatively low percentage of urban areas. Meanwhile, biological indicators of streams were negatively affected by the relatively high percentage of agricultural areas. The results of this study can be integrated into effective quantitative criteria for the watershed management and land use plans to enhance the biological integrity of streams. In specific, land uses management plans in watersheds may need more close attention to urban land use changes than agricultural land uses to sustain the biological integrity of streams.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.44-53
• /
• 2011

H.264/SVC provides scalable video streams which consist of a base layer and one or more enhancement layers. Thus, it can efficiently adapt encoded streams to individual network conditions by dropping some layers of bit streams. However, on a dynamic environment such as the Internet, random packet losses due to network congestion can cause drastic effect on SVC quality. To avoid network congestion, the rate of video streams should be adjusted by carefully selecting a layer of each stream. In this paper, we propose three layer selection algorithms which can avoid network congestion by using the rate-distortion characteristics of streams. Simulation results show that FS(Far-Sighted) algorithm can maximize the overall PSNR value of streams by efficiently using the characteristics of video streams.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.56-62
• /
• 2001

This study is carried out to investigate the water quality changes in Busan Metropolitan streams, The results are as follows. The level of organic contaminants($BOD_{5}$ and $COD_{Mn}$) is found to be low and does not show seasonal variation in domestic waste water streams. But, the level of organic contaminants in industrial waste water streams is relatively high and seems to be seasonally variable, which is affected by other factors. The nutrient materials, such as nitrogen(as T-N, about 20mg/L) and phosphorus(as T-P about 2.0mg/L), are abundant than Nak Dong River and the general trends of contaminants level are similar to those of organic contaminants. The chronic water qualities, including organic, nutrient contaminants levels, show that the loading rates in 1998 are smaller than the past(1983, 1992). And this trend is more evident in industrial waste water streams than domestic waste water streams.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 1999.11a
• /
• pp.310-315
• /
• 1999

We extracted narrow open water streams from JERS-1 SAR images of the Amazon rain forest. The extracted range of these streams were almost comparable to a high level extraction of the same streams from near-IR images of JERS-1 VNIR data notwithstanding that these features in SAR images show the strong dependence of the observation angle. Large water bodies are relatively easy to extract from JERS-1 SAR images, as they tend to appear as very dark areas; but streams whose width is nearly equal to or less than the spatial resolution no longer appear as very dark features. By using strong scatterers distributed sparsely along the radar facing sides of the streams, we can successfully estimate approximate ranges of waterways and then extract relatively dark line-like features within these ranges.

• Water Engineering Research
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.33-48
• /
• 2001

For the design of suitable aquatic habitats and habitat management purposes, sensitive descriptors for aquatic areas were identified and analyzed. The classification system of the aquatic areas were developed for natural streams and modified streams in Korea. Relationships among the descriptors of an aquatic area such as channel width, meander wave length, and arc angle have been defined. The analysis indicates that the total mean sinuosity is 1.25 for the main channels of natural streams, whereas the mean value of the sinuosity of modified streams is 1.14. The mean values of the total area, the width, and the length for the sandbars of natural streams are larger than those of modified streams.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.377-389
• /
• 2023

Chungcheongnam-do has been measuring the flow rate and water quality of streams in the province once a month since 2011 in order to water environment policies. Based on the results, after evaluating the coefficient of variation and the tendency of the water quality trend by using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's Slope for each stream, the streams subject to priority introduction of Total Pollution Load Management at Tributaries were selected through the Stream Grouping Method. The water quality trend analysis results for 125 streams using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's Slope were evaluated as streams showing a tendency of deteriorating water quality Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): 13 streams, Total Phosphorus (T-P): 16 streams). Streams with deteriorating water quality were classified into A-D groups using the Stream Grouping Method. Group A, which has a high flow rate and high water quality, is a stream that requires priority management, and was selected as a stream for introduction of Total Pollution Load Management at Tributaries. There are 7 streams that need to be introduced into the BOD category, and there are 7 streams that need to be introduced into the T-P category. In this study, based on flow and water quality monitoring data accumulated over a long period of time (2011-2022), statistical techniques are used to select watersheds in which water quality is deteriorating. Accordingly, it is expected that it will be useful in establishing a water quality improvement plan in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.21 no.8
• /
• pp.939-951
• /
• 2012

This study is conducted to estimate the air temperature decreasing effects by restoring urban streams using WRF/CALMET coupled system. The types of land use on covered streams are constructed with the land cover map from Korea ministry of environment. Restoring covered streams changes the types of land use on covered areas to water. Two different types of land use(CASE 1 and CASE 2) are inputted to the WRF/CALMET coupled system in order to calculate the temperature difference. The results of the WRF/CALMET coupled system are similar to the observed values at automatic weather stations(AWS) in Busan area. Restoring covered streams causes temperature to be decreased by about $0.34{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ according to the locations of streams and the regions that temperature is reduced are widely distributed over the restored area. Reduction of temperature is increased rapidly from morning and maximus at 13LST. Natural restoration of streams will reduce the built-up area within urban. With this, temperature reductions which are the cause to weaken the urban heat island appear. Relief of urban heat island will help to improve the air quality such as accumulation of air pollutants in within urban area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.66-72
• /
• 2008

RAPD analyses were performed from twenty-four populations of Persicaria thunbergii(Sieb. & Zucc.) H. Gross ex Nakai. The length of amplified DNA fragments ranged from 200 to 1,900bp. 184 scorable RAPD markers were found from PCR reactions with sixteen random oligoprimers. Based on the results, populations of Persicaria thunbergii were classified into disturbance streams of urban and rural streams as well as natural streams. And the populations from natural streams showed having higher genetic similarites than those from highly disturbed streams, Also, the heterogenetic differences between the populations from natural and disturbed areas could be represented the results of the stream environmental changes.