• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.781-789
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• 2007

Purpose: The study was conducted to investigate the skin hydration level in various body sites and identify the influencing factors in neonates. Methods: An exploratory comparison study was designed to measure the stratum corneum hydration, using a National DM-R2 on the forehead, abdomen, buttocks, and the back of the hands and feet of 198 neonates including 92 premature infants. Results: The results showed 32.7%-36.5% of stratum corneum hydration for all sites. Premature infants revealed a higher hydration level on the peripheral sites (dorsal hand and feet) than those of the full-term infants, possibly resulting from therapeutic regimens including an incubator or radiant warmer. Infants in an incubator showed a higher hydration level than those in radiant warmers, suggesting more attention to fluid management for infants in the open environment. In addition, all stratum corneum hydration measurements except one, from the forehead, showed a positive correlation with postnatal age in full-term infants while showing no relation to any measurements in premature infants. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the very low skin hydration levels in hospitalized neonates, particularly in premature neonates with more susceptible skin hydration instability despite therapeutic interventions for fluid balance. More vigilant fluid management is imperative in neonates, particularly those in the open environment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1284-1293
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on skin xerosis and pruritus in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Twenty one subjects of this study were selected from St. Paul's Hosipital in Seoul. All the subjects were received the mineral oil massage at the arm without fistular three timesper week for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks period of wash-out, the subjects were received the aromatherapy of lavender and tea tree essence oil in the same way. This study was carried out from March 20 to June 13, 1998. Pruritus score, skin pH and stratum corneum hydration were measured before and after each treatment. But, biochemical parameters were measured before the treatment of the mineral oil massage, after the treatment of the mineral oil massage and the aromatherapy. Data of this study were analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni multiple comparisons and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results were as follows ; 1. Pruritus score was significantly decreased after the aromatherapy, while no significant change after the treatment of the mineral oil massage. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the priritus score between the two treatments. 2. Stratum corneum hydration was significantly increased after the aromatherapy, while no significant change after the treatment of the mineral oil massage. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the stratum corneum hydration between the two treatments. 3. Skin pH was significantly increased after the treatment of the mineral oil massage, while no significant change after the aromatherapy. Therefore, there was no significant difference in the skin pH between the two treatments.4. After the aromatherapy, the serum calcium was significantly increased. Whereas the serum parathyroid hormone intact was significantly decreased compared with the treatment of the mineral oil massage. But the level of the serum Ca and PTH-intact were within the normal range. 5. Stratum corneum hydration was decreased corresponding to the duration of hemodialysis, while pruritus score and skin pH showed no change corresponding to the duration of hemodialysis and the age of the subjects. The correlation of pruritus score on skin pH, stratum corneum hydration and biochemical parameters was not significant. In conclusion, this findings indicate that aromatherapy may be effective in decreasing skin xerosis and pruritus score in uremic pruritus patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 1990

It was investigated the morphological changes of differentiating epidermal cells in chick embryos. Ectodermal cells at 3 days after incubation were cuboidal, their nuclei were large, and rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were distributed in the cytoplasm. At 5 days after incubation, there were periderm and one basal layer in epidermis. The cells of basal layer were columnar, their nuclei were round, and rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes were developed. Also, peridermal cells were flat, chromatins were partially condensed and glycogen particles were abundant. No periderm showed and cells of basal layer formed intermediate layer at 9 days after incubation. Basal cells of intermediate layer were cuboidal, neighboring cells were anchored by desmosomes and tonofibrils and free ribosomes were evenly scattered. At 15 days after incubation, stratum corneum and stratum germinativum were distinguished. In cells of stratum germinativum, tonofibrils, free ribosomes and desmosomes were well developed. And then, the shedding of stratum corneum were showed at 17 days after incubation and stratum corneum were well developed after hatching.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3 s.63
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• pp.13-26
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• 2005

Objectives : Applying herbal-acupuncture using Ursi Fet into Zusanli (UZ) on to the atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice to study changes in external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide. This study was done through forcing an injury to the mice's back skin which damages the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum. Methods : The AD which was caused intentionally using the external application on the mice's back skin was treated with VB; the change of leukocytes in the vasculature was identified through optima 5.2 and Student's t-test and the results were made into a dermal formation graph. Results : After dispensing UZ into the AD, the dermal injury decreased. The recovery of the lipid protection formation which includes lipid and ceramide in the stratum comeum (for suppressing acute inflammation due to factors such as PKC, $TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1\beta$, which controlled the secretion of the relating inflammatory cytokine) also went on to show a decrease of both angiogenesis and degranulated mast cells. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cells to decrease in the stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature, the leukocytes were also decreased na this could relate to a decrease in AD. Conclusions : UZ has an effect on AD by suppressing dermal injury through the recovery of the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.197-204
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• 2003

The skin is a barrier between the living organism and its environment, and this barrier function resides in the stratum corneum. The main function of the stratum corneum is to serve as a barrier preventing the penetration of irritants and transepidermal water loss(TEWL). The rate of transepidermal water loss is a convenient parameter for expressing barrier function. Impaired barrier function was manifested by a greatly increased rate of transepidermal water loss. In atopic dermatitis the rate of transepidermal water lossis greatly increased transepidermal water loss. Medication of Gagampalmultang restored to normal the abnormally high rates of transepidermal water loss in the 104 patients with atopic dermatitis. It specifically plays an important role in regulating barrier function.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1989

The clonidine transport mechanism through the skin was investigated with assumptions that epidermis is heterogeneous and two-layer membrane. Immobilization of clonidine was not found in stratum corneum but in viable epidermis. The sorption in the viable epidermis agreed with the dual sorption theory. Diffusion coefficient in stratum corneum was five order magnitude less than that in viable epidermis. In viable epidermis, the ratio of true diffusivity to apparent diffusivity increased initially then decreased as a function of clonidine concentration, and the true diffusivity was always larger than the apparent diffusivity.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.72-83
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• 2006

Objective : This study was designed to identify lipid protection formation in stratum corneum and anti-inflammatory effects of Sopungdojeok-tang(SD) on atopic dermatitis(AD). Materials and Methods : In Vivo, SD extract was orally administered to BALB/c mice at $2.5m{\ell}/kg/day$ for 2 days after 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate evoked atopic dermatitis in abdominal skin. Morphological changes were observed by immunohistochemical stain using monoclonal antibodies(BrdU, ceramide, MIP-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p50, IL-4, and STAT6) and TUNEL method. In vitro, the alterations of IL-4 mRNA expression were detected by RT-PCT in SD extract treated EL4 cells after phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and 4-tert-Octylphenol induce Th2 skewed condition. Results : SD is used in Oriental Medicine for its potential curative for atopic dermatitis. In this study, we have investigated the anti-inflammatory and lipid lamella repair effects of SD were investigated. SD decreased the number of eosinophil in atopic dermatitis induced mice. In the histological properties, the hyperplasia, edema, infiltration of lymphocytes, damage of intercellular space of stratum corneum, BrdU positive reacted cells in stratum basal, and degranulated mast cells and capillaries in dermal papillae decreased in mice with SD. Treatment of SD also decreased MIP-2, STAT6 and IL-4 in dermal papillae. The IL-4 mRNA expression decreased in a dose-dependant manner in SD treated EL4 cells. In addition, decrease of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p50 and increase of apoptotic cells in dermis were observed in SD treated mice. These data suggest that SD may beneficial for atopic dermatitis. Conclusions : These data suggest that SD is beneficial in treatment of atopic dermatitis, and that SD provides lipid protection in stratum corneum and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

Carbonylated proteins (CPs) are synthesized by the chemical reaction of basic amino acid residues in proteins with aldehyde compounds yielded by lipid peroxidation. CPs are excited by a range of light from UVA to blue light, and resulted in the generation of superoxide anion radicals ($^{\cdot}O_2{^-}$) by photosensitizing reaction. Then, they CPs induce new protein carbonylation in stratum corneum through ROS generation. Furthermore, the superoxide anion radicals produce CPs in the stratum corneum (SC) through lipid peroxidation and finally affects skin conditions including color and moisture functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the production of stratum corneum carbonylated protein (SCCP) and the skin elasticity. 46 healthy female Koream at the ages of 30 ~ 50 years old were participated in this study for 8 weeks. The skin test was experiment conducted into two groups; placebo group (N = 23) used cream that did not contain active ingredients, and the other group (N = 23) used cream containing the elasticity improving ingredients. Test areas were the crow 's feet and the cheek. Various non-invasive methods were carried out to measure biophysical parameters on human skin indicating that dermis density and skin wrinkle were measured by using DUB scanner and Primos premium, respectively. Skin elasticity were measured using dermal torque meter (DTM310) and balistometer (BLS780). SCCP was assessed in a simple and non-invasive method using skin surface biopsy on the cheek of the subject. The amount of SCCP was determined using image analysis. All measurements were taken at 0, 4 and 8 8week. Results revealed that the amount of CP in SC was reduced when the skin wrinkle and skin elasticity related parameters were improved. This indicates that the correlation between the elasticity improvement and the amount of CP can be used as a anti-aging indicator and applicable to the skin clinical test for the measurement of skin aging in the future.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2008

Wood vinegar is well known as a softening agent affecting on the stratum corneum that is easy to penetrate into the skin. In this study, we prepared mixed ursolic acid hydrogel with wood vinegar(1, 2, 5%) as a penetration enhancer. The accumulation of ursolic acid in the skin from hydrogels was evaluated in vitro hairless mouse skin and skin moisturizing effect of them was evaluated using the corneometer and the tewermeter. And the role of stratum corneum as a protective barrier was evaluated as well. The hydrogels were retained about 40% of water retention capacity 2hrs and had better effect on the stripped skin than full-thickness skin. The accumulation of ursolic acid through stripped skin from hydrogels with wood vinegar was not change compared to normal skin, which indicated the action site of wood vinegar and the accumulation site of ursolic acid would be stratum corneum. From these result, we could find wood vinegar seems to be a good enhancer for active materials with anti-wrinkle and anti aging effect such as ursolic acid, and can be a developed topical delivery system maintaining excellent water retention capacity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.455-463
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• 2018

Skin elasticity has been known to be influenced by the change of dermal components such as collagen, elastic fiber, and glycosaminoglycans. However, it is unclear whether the uppermost epidermis may affect the mechanical characteristics of elasticity. In present study we tried to find the role of stratum corneum when determining the elastic property under skin bioengineering measurement with $Cutometer^{(R)}$. A total of 10 healthy volunteers aged 25-40 years were investigated by the parameters reflecting the skin elasticity from face and volar forearm. Within various ranges of suction pressure, R0 (=Uf), R7 (=Ur/Uf) and R8 (=Ua) were obtained to explore the depth-associated elasticity. In addition, these parameters were re-measured after the skin was fully hydrated. As results, we found that the measurement of depth-associated elasticity was possible as using various suction pressure. And the R7 parameter was significantly lower from face than those from forearm in before hydration (p < 0.05). Also, we found that the hydration of stratum corneum could affect skin elasticity. Especially, the R7 parameter at 300 mbar suction pressure of face skin showed significantly increased values than that of before hydration (p < 0.05). Interestingly, measured data from the face before and after hydration manifested relatively higher variation than from the forearm. These results suggest that it is possible to evaluate the skin elasticity considering the changes of stratum corneum and epidermis by using various suction pressure and skin hydration.