• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.1001-1004
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• 2020

We investigated the austenite stability and mechanical properties in FeMnNiC alloy fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The addition of Mn, Ni, and C, which are known austenite stabilizing elements, increases its stability to a stable phase existing above 910℃ in pure iron; as a result, austenitic microstructure can be observed at room temperature, depending on the amounts of Mn, Ni, and C added. Depending on austenite stability and the volume fraction of austenite at a given temperature, strain-induced martensite transformation during plastic deformation may occur. Both stability and the volume fraction of austenite can be controlled by several factors, including chemical composition, grain size, dislocation density, and so on. The present study investigated the effect of carbon addition on austenite stability in FeMnNi alloys containing different Mn and Ni contents. Microstructural features and mechanical properties were analyzed with regard to austenite stability.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.632-638
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of Mo and Cu contents on tensile strength of cold drawn stainless steel 304H wires, metallographical and mechanical tests were performed for the wire specimens drawn to different drawing strains at room temperature. It was confirmed that the contents of Mo ana Cu have little influence on the tensile strength of drawn specimens, even though the strain induced martensite transformation decreased with increasing the contents of Mo and Cu. These results were explained by the strengthening of the formed martensite itself due to the solid solution effect of interstitial solutes, carbon and nitrogen. The contents of these elements were slightly higher in the specimens containing additionally added Mo and Cu.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.21 no.B
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• pp.331-339
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• 2001

Zero to tension fatigue tests and strain controlled fatigue tests were carried out to find how initial strain induced martensite, ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ affects low and high cycle fatigue behavior and fatigue crack growth mechanisms. Microscopic study and phase analysis were carried out with TEM, SEM, EDAX, Optical Microscope, Ferriscope, and X-ray diffractometry. The amount of Initial ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ was controlled from 0% to 33% by controlling the temperatures for cold working and heat treatment. Lower contents of initial ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ showed higher fatigue resistance in low cycle fatigue but lower fatigue resistance in high cycle fatigue because it is ascribed to the more transformation of ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ martensite during low cycle fatigue and higher ductility. In high cycle fatigue, fatigue life is attributed to the strength and phase transformation of austenite into ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ during fatigue was negligible. ${\gamma}$ boundary, ${\gamma}/twin$ boundary, and ${\gamma}/{\alpha}^{\prime}$ boundary were found to be the preferred site of fatigue crack initiation.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.1477-1480
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• 2018

The mechanical behavior and the change of retained austenite of nanocrystalline Fe-Ni alloy have been investigated by considering the effect of various Ni addition amount. The nanocrystalline Fe-Ni alloy samples were rapidly fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPS is a well-known effective sintering process with an extremely short densification time not only to reach a theoretical density value but also to prevent a grain growth, which could result in a nanocrystalline structures. The effect of Ni addition on the compressive stress-strain behavior was analyzed. The variation of the volume fraction of retained austenite due to deformation was quantitatively measured by means of x-ray diffraction and microscope analyses. The strain-induced martensite transformation was observed in Fe-Ni alloy. The different amount of Ni influenced the rate of the strain-induced martensite transformation kinetics and resulted in the change of the work hardening during the compressive deformation.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.1491-1495
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• 2022

The present research deals with the effect of pre-strain on the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of intercritically annealed medium-Mn steels. A slow strain-rate tensile test was conducted after hydrogen charging by an electrochemical permeation method. Based on EBSD and XRD analysis results, the microstructure was composed of martensite and retained austenite of which fraction increased with an increase in the intercritical annealing temperature. The tensile test results showed that the steel with a higher fraction of retained austenite had relatively high hydrogen embrittlement resistance because the retained austenite acts as an irreversible hydrogen trap site. As the amount of pre-strain was increased, the hydrogen embrittlement resistance decreased notably due to an increase in the dislocation density and strain-induced martensite transformation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.3 no.3 s.8
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Three-point bending fatigue properties of austenitic 304 stainless steel sheets were investigated at room temperature and LNG temperature($-162^{\circ}C$) in the strain range from 0.43 to $1.7\%$. The fatigue properties at $-162^{\circ}C$ were superior to those at room temperature due to the higher volume fractions of deformation-induced martensite. The cyclic hardening behavior owing to the deformation- induced martensite transformation was detected in both specimens. In room temperature testing, the mean load amplitude increased steadily with cycles, meaning that cumulative plastic incubation strain was required for martensite transformation. On the contrary, in $-162^{\circ}C$ tested specimen, the mean load amplitude increased rapidly within a few cycles due to the rapid transformation of martensite, and slightly decreased after the maximum is reached probably due to dynamic recovery.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 2021

The effect of sintering conditions on the austenite stability and strain-induced martensitic transformation of nanocrystalline FeCrC alloy is investigated. Nanocrystalline FeCrC alloys are successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering with an extremely short densification time to obtain the theoretical density value and prevent grain growth. The nanocrystallite size in the sintered alloys contributes to increased austenite stability. The phase fraction of the FeCrC sintered alloy before and after deformation according to the sintering holding time is measured using X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. During compressive deformation, the volume fraction of strain-induced martensite resulting from austenite decomposition is increased. The transformation kinetics of the strain-induced martensite is evaluated using an empirical equation considering the austenite stability factor. The hardness of the S0W and S10W samples increase to 62.4-67.5 and 58.9-63.4 HRC before and after deformation. The hardness results confirmed that the mechanical properties are improved owing to the effects of grain refinement and strain-induced martensitic transformation in the nanocrystalline FeCrC alloy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.266-278
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• 1995

The high strain-rate dynamic plastic behavior of Fe-X%Mn alloys was investigated. The strain rate did not have an effect when tested under quasi-static strain rates($2{\times}10^{-3}/sec$ and $2{\times}10^{-1}/sec$). However, the true stress increased at all strain levels when the strain rate increased to $6{\times}10^3/sec$. Based on the experimental results, an constitution equation to calculate the dynamic strength for strain rates over $10^4/sec$ was determined. The Fe-5%Mn alloy containing athermal ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ martensite initially did not show work hardening. The work hardening increased with Mn content showing a maximum at 20% Mn. The high work hardening of Fe-20%Mn and Fe-30%Mn alloys appears to be closely related not only to the initial amounts of ${\varepsilon}$ martensite but to the strain induced transformation (${\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\varepsilon}$ and ${\varepsilon}{\rightarrow}{\alpha}^{\prime}$) occurring during each stages of deformation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.162-167
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• 2000

The warm deep drawability in square cup drawing is investigated about a newly developed high-strength steel sheet with retained austenite which is transformed into martensite during forming. For this investigation, six steps of temperature ranges, from room temperature to $250^{\circ}C$, and five kinds of drawing ratio, from 2.2 to 2.6 were adopted. As a result the maximum drawing force and the maximum drawing depth were affected by the elevated temperatures, and the more stable thickness strain distribution was observed to the elevated temperatures. But blue shortness happened over $200^{\circ}C$. The FEM analysis using the LS-DYNA code is adopted to compare the experimental results with the analytical results for thickness strain distribution.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.221-221
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• 1999

Warm deep drawability in a square cup drawing was investigated using a newly developed high-strength steel sheet with retained austenite that was transformed into martensite during formation. For this investigation, six different temperatures between room temperature and 250℃, and five different drawing ratios ranging from 2.2 to 2.6 were considered. The results showed that the maximum drawing force and the drawing depth were affected by the change in temperature, and a more stable thickness strain distribution was observed at elevated temperatures. However, blue shortness occurred at over 200℃. FEM analysis using the LS-DYNA code was used to compare the experimental results with the numerical results for the thickness strain distribution.