• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.67-81
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• 2006

Using a strain-controlled rheometer, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of aqueous xanthan gum solutions with different concentrations were measured over a wide range of strain amplitudes and then the linear viscoelastic behavior in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields was investigated over a broad range of angular frequencies. In this article, both the strain amplitude and concentration dependencies of dynamic viscoelastic behavior were reported at full length from the experimental data obtained from strain-sweep tests. In addition, the linear viscoelastic behavior was explained in detail and the effects of angular frequency and concentration on this behavior were discussed using the well-known power-law type equations. Finally, a fractional derivative model originally developed by Ma and Barbosa-Canovas (1996) was employed to make a quantitative description of a linear viscoelastic behavior and then the applicability of this model was examined with a brief comment on its limitations. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) At strain amplitude range larger than 10%, the storage modulus shows a nonlinear strain-thinning behavior, indicating a decrease in storage modulus as an increase in strain amplitude. (2) At strain amplitude range larger than 80%, the loss modulus exhibits an exceptional nonlinear strain-overshoot behavior, indicating that the loss modulus is first increased up to a certain strain amplitude(${\gamma}_0{\approx}150%$) beyond which followed by a decrease in loss modulus with an increase in strain amplitude. (3) At sufficiently large strain amplitude range (${\gamma}_0>200%$), a viscous behavior becomes superior to an elastic behavior. (4) An ability to flow without fracture at large strain amplitudes is one of the most important differences between typical strong gel systems and concentrated xanthan gum solutions. (5) The linear viscoelastic behavior of concentrated xanthan gum solutions is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous nature and a gel-like structure is present in these systems. (6) As the polymer concentration is increased, xanthan gum solutions become more elastic and can be characterized by a slower relaxation mechanism. (7) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions do not form a chemically cross-linked stable (strong) gel but exhibit a weak gel-like behavior. (8) A fractional derivative model may be an attractive means for predicting a linear viscoelastic behavior of concentrated xanthan gum solutions but classified as a semi-empirical relationship because there exists no real physical meaning for the model parameters.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.68-72
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• 2002

RNA 함량이 증가되고, 증식속도가 더 빠른 효모 변이주를 선별하기 위해, 모균주 Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTY62 세포에 화학적 돌연변이제인 ethylmethane sulfonate를 처리하여, YPD 배지에서는 잘 자라고 KCl 함유 배지에서는 자라지 않는 변이주들을 선별하였다. 이 변이주들 중 시험관 및 플라스크 배양을 통해 균체농도와 RNA 함량이 모균주 MTY62에 비해 각각 1.5배, 1.3배 증가한 M40-10 변이주를 최종적으로 선별하였다. 변이주 M40-l0을 발효조 회분배양한 결과, 최대비증식속도는 $0.38 h^{-1}$ , RNA 농도는 3210 mg-RNA/1, RNA 함량은 183mg-RNA/g-DCW 값을 보여, 모균주에 비해 각각 23%, 15%, 12%씩 증가하였다. M40-10 변이주를 간헐적 유가배양한 결과, 최대 균체농도는 35.6 g-DCW/1을, 최대 RNA 농도는 5677mg-RNA/l을, RNA함량은 160 mg-RNA/g-DCW을 나타내어 모균주보다 우수하였다. 일정속도의 유가배양에서도 M40-10 변이주의 최대 균체농도는 46.4g-DCW/1, RNA 농도는 6270mg-RNA/1, RNA 함량은 135mg-RNA/g-DCW을 보였다. 이들 유가배양에서 배양 중반기인 20시간 전후에서는 모균주에 비해 변이주의 세포농도는 30%, RNA 농도는 10% 정도 증가되었다. 또한 유가배양 말기까지도 RNA 분해는 거의 일어나지 않아, M40-10 변이주는 산성 RNase 활성이 크게 감소한 변이주임을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.672-678
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• 2014

본 연구는 음식물 쓰레기 내 질소농도에 따른 발효과정에서 수소생성 특성과 미생물의 군집변화를 살펴보았다. 음식물 쓰레기 내 질소의 함량이 200 mg/L일 때 가장 높은 수소생산 효율을 보여주었으며, 이 때 수소생산율은 83.43 mL/g dry wt biomass/hr이였다. 질소의 함량이 600 mg/L 이상이 되면 수소생산이 저해되는 것으로 나타났으며 수소생산량과 B/A ratio (Butric acid/Acetic acid)의 비례적 상관관계는 관찰되지 않았다. 16S rDNA의 PCR-DGGE결과 대부분 군집은 Clostridium sp. 미생물로 규명되었으며 수소생성에 기여도가 큰 미생물은 Enterococcus faecium partial, Klebsiella pneumoniae strain ND6, Enterobacter sp. NCCP-231, 그리고 Clostridium algidicarnis strain E107 등으로 판명되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.428-437
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• 2007

The potential for humic substances to serve as terminal electron acceptors in microbial respiration and the effects of humic substances on microbial azoreduction were investigated. The dissimilatory azoreducing microorganism Shewanella decolorationis S12 was able to conserve energy to support growth from electron transport to humics coupled to the oxidation of various organic substances or $H_2$. Batch experiments suggested that when the concentration of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS), a humics analog, was lower than 3 mmol/l, azoreduction of strain S12 was accelerated under anaerobic condition. However, there was obvious inhibition to azoreduction when the concentration of the AQS was higher than 5 mmol/l. Another humics analog, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQDS), could still prominently accelerate azoreduction, even when the concentration was up to 12 mmol/l, but the rate of acceleration gradually decreased with the increasing concentration of the AQDS. Toxic experiments revealed that AQS can inhibit growth of strain S12 if the concentration past a critical one, but AQDS had no effect on the metabolism and growth of strain S12 although the concentration was up to 20 mmol/l. These results demonstrated that a low concentration of humic substances not only could serve as the terminal electron acceptors for conserving energy for growth, but also act as redox mediator shuttling electrons for the anaerobic azoreduction by S. decolorationis S12. However, a high concentration of humic substances could inhibit the bacterial azoreduction, resulting on the one hand from the toxic effect on cell metabolism and growth, and on the other hand from competion with azo dyes for electrons as electron acceptor.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1992

In this study, the stress concentration phenomenon for the dissimilar joints(ceramic-metal) bonded by thermal treating using a soft-insert metal(copper) was investigated with the aid of FEM(finite element method) under the load condition of uniform tension. The analysis was carried out by the supposing that stress states are plane stress or plane strain and elastic or elastic-plastic. And the Von Mises yield criterion and the incremental theory as plastic flow were adopted in this analysis. As the summarized results obtained, the stress concentration phenomenon was severer as the soft insert metal was thicker, in plane strain than in plane stress and in elastic-plastic state than in elastic state. Furthermore, the inducing mechanism of stress concentration was well expressed by the constraint forces(Fc) generated between the soft and the hard material.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2002

This study presents the theoretical approach for volume concentration, velocity profile, and granular discharge on the fluid-granule mixed flow downstream of the scour hole at the outlet of the hydraulic structure. Concept of dilatant model was applied for the stress-strain relationships of fluid-granule mixed flow since the flow downstream of the scour hole corresponds to debris flow, where momentum transfers through particle collisions. Mathematical formulations were derived using momentum equation and stress-strain relation of the fluid-granule mixture. Velocity profile under the assumption of uniform concentration over flowing layer showed the downward convex type. Deposition angle of downstream hump was found to be a function of an upstream slope angle, a dynamic friction angle and a volume concentration irrespective of flow itself, Granular discharge and the overflow depth were obtained with given values of inflow rates. Experimental results showed relatively good agreements with theoretical ones.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.27-40
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• 1970

The distribution of stress and strain in elastic stages is investigated by the experiments of two dimensional photoelastic coating and Moire fringe method. Center block type and cover plate type of fillet welds are used as specimens in the test. The results are as follows. 1) Center block type gets less uniform stress distribution than cover plate type. And its stress concentration factor, especially at root, is larger than that at toe. 2) When main plate and cover plate closely contact and it cause friction, stress concentration decreases more than that in case of slit. That is because stress can be transmitted on the contact surface. 3) When slit is made, the outside of fillet gets more stress than the inside of it. 4) While the plastic strain distribution of center block type reaches the maximum at root and differs very slightly from that under lower loading, the plastic strain distribution of cover plate type is inclined to get the maximum at the outside of fillet rather than at root. 5) When the plastic strain value of cover plate type is compared with that of center block type at toe and root, the relations between the former and the latter shows root<toe and root>toe. 6) Because stress distribution becomes changed according to loading, fracture angle cannot be estimated by the peaks of elastic stress distribution. 7) The strain distribution just before fracture can be found by Moire fringe method.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.18-35
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• 2024

In the present work, the evolution rules for the internal variables including continuum damage factors are obtained using the thermodynamic framework, which are in turn facilitated to derive the elastic-plastic constitutive relation for the particulate composites. Using the Mori-Tanaka scheme, the homogenization on state and internal variables such as back-stress and damage factors is carried out to procure the rate independent plasticity relations. Moreover, the degradation of mechanical properties of constituents is depicted by the distinctive damages such that the phase and interfacial damages are treated individually accordingly, whereas the kinematic hardening is depicted by combining the Armstrong-Frederick and Phillips' back-stress evolutions. On the other hand, the present constitutive relation for each phase is expressed in terms of the respective damage-free effective quantities, then, followed by transformation into the damage affected overall nominal relations using the aforementioned homogenization concentration factors. An emphasis is placed on the qualitative analyses for strain localization by observing the perturbation growth instead of the conventional bifurcation analyses. It turns out that the proposed constitutive model offers a wide range of strain localization behavior depending on the evolution of various internal variable descriptions.

• 약학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1957

Resume 1. The toxic effect of $CuSO_4$ on the growth of yeast began in the 0.2mM and colony formation was completely inhibited in the 3mM $CuSO_4$ media. 2. The yeast strain which was trained sucessively from lower concentration media to higher one, could grow even in 10mM $CuSO_4$ media. 3. Rlb strain produced brown pigment in copper media. 4. Resistance of Rlb strain to $CuSO_4$ did not revert in non copper media. 5. The appearance of resistant strain was regarded as the result of "Mutation and Selection". 6. The alcohol fermentation ability of Rlb strain was lower than that of parent strain. 7. Rlb strain yielded some effective substance which induced the parent strain to resist against $CuSO_4$. 8. The dehydrogenase activity of yeast was inhibited by $CuSO_4$.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.236-240
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• 1989

고농도의 톨루엔에서도 자랄 수 있는 균주 Pseudomonas Putida 1K1 은 benzene, benzoate, phenot, o-cresol, mt-cresol, toluene, m-toluate, xylene 등 8종의 방향족 화합물을 분해 이응 성장 가능하였으나 hexane, octane, decane, cyclohexane곽 같은 지방족 화합물은 이용하지 못했다. 방향족 화합물의 분해 이용에 있어서 p. putida 1K1은 0.1%의 낮은 농도에서는 이들 8종의 화합물을 모두 이용 성장 가능하였지만 1% 이상의 농도에서는 자랄 수 없었고, 다만 toluene의 경우에 있어서만 특이하게도 95% 의 고농도에서도 바르게 성장할 수 있었다. 여러 유기화합물에 대한 이 균수의 저항성을 조사하여 본 결과 1K1은 고농도의 지방족 화합물에 대해 아주 큰 저항성을 갖으나 대부분의 방향족 화합물에 의해서 는 쉽게 사멸되었으며, toluene과 xylene에 대해서는 예외적으로 상당한 저항성을 갖고 있었다. 한편, 이 균주는 toluene에서 성장할 경우 toluene의 영향으로 인해 세포의 형태가 정상적인 Pseudomonas의 형태와 상당히 다른 모습을 보였다. 또한 이 균주는 benzeate 분해를 위한 대사경로와 함께 toluene 분해를 위한 또 다른 경로가 있어 적어도 두개의 서로 다른 방향족 고리분해 대사경로를 갖는 것으로 보여졌다.