• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.95-101
• /
• 2024

The numberlink puzzle(NLP), which non-crossings with other numbers of connection in connecting lines through empty cells between a given pair of numbers, is an NP-complete problem with no known way to solve the puzzle in polynomial time. Until now, arbitrary numbers have been selected and puzzles have been solved using trial-and-error methods. This paper converts empty cells into vertices in lattice graphs connected by edge between adjacent cells for a given problem. Next, a straight line was drawn between the pairs of numbers and divided into groups of numbers where crossing occurred. A bypass route was established to avoid intersection in the cross-number group. Applying the proposed algorithm to 18 benchmarking data showed that the puzzle could be solved with a linear time complexity of O(n) for all data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.85 no.2
• /
• pp.288-299
• /
• 1996

This is the basic study to investigate the amount of transpirational water loss in thrifty mature Quercus mongolica stand by the heat pulse method. The differences of heat pulse velocity by direction and depth, differences of heat pulse velocity by dominant, codominant and suppressed trees, diurnal changes of heat pulse velocity due to the change of leaf water potential, vapor pressure deficit and radiation, and sap flow path way in sapwood by dye penetration were measured in stems. Finally the amounts of daily and annual transpiration in stand were calculated by the heat pulse velocity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Relationship between heat pulse velocity(V) and sap flow rate(SFR) was obtained as a equation of SFR=1.37V. 2. The sap flow rate was high in the order of dominant, codominant, and suppressed trees. The daily heat pulse velocity changed with radiation, temperature and vapor pressure deficit. 3. The heat pulse velocity showed the similar diurnal variation as the leaf water potential change. 4. The heat pulse velocity showed the highest value in May(4.0cm/hr in average), the lowest one in July(2.9cm/hr in average). 5. The heat pulse velocity in the same stem presented the highest value in the northern direction, medium in western, and the lowest in southern and eastern. 6. The heat pulse velocity in stem was highest in 0.5cm, medium in 1.0cm, and lowest in 1.5cm depth from the surface of stem. 7. The sap flow path way in stem showed sectorial straight ascent pattern in four sample trees. 8. The amount of sap flow(SF) was presented as a equation of $SF=1.37A{\cdot}V$(A: the cross-sectional area of sapwood, V: heat pulse velocity), and especially SF was larger in dominant tree than codominant and suppressed trees. 9. The amount of daily transpiration was 5.6ton/ha/day, and its composition ratio was 72% at day and 28% at night. 10. The amount of stand transpiration per month was largest in May(168ton/ha/month), lowest in July(125ton/ha/month). The amount of stand transpiration per year was 839ton/ha/year.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.395-406
• /
• 2018

The XP-SWMM model, widely used for inundation analysis of urban watersheds, underestimated the inundation area (range) because the manhole was regarded as a node and the influence of the local loss occurring in the surcharged manhole can not be considered. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the applicability of the head loss coefficients considering the local loss in the surcharged manholes in inundation analysis using XP-SWMM. The Dorim 1 drainage section of the Dorim-river watershed, where frequent domestic flood damage occurred, was selected as the study watershed. The head loss coefficients of the surcharged manholes estimated from the previous experimental studies were applied to the inundation analysis, and the changes of the inundation area with and without the application of the head loss coefficients with manhole types were compared and analyzed. As a result of inundation simulation with the application of head loss coefficients, the matching rates were increased by 17% in comparison with the without application of them. In addition, the simulated inundation area applied only the head loss coefficients of straight path manholes and applied up to the head loss coefficients of combining manholes ($90^{\circ}$ bend, 3-way, and 4-way) were similar. Therefore, in order to accurately simulate the storm drain system in urban areas, it could be to carry out two-dimensional inundation analysis considering the head loss coefficients at the surcharged manholes. It was expected that the study results will be utilized as basic data for establishing the identification of the inundation risk area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.31 no.11
• /
• pp.1510-1519
• /
• 2007

This comparative study analyzes and compares tight skirt sewing methods which are found in the clothing configuration reference text books available in contemporary universities and which are used in commercially-available domestic consumer products. The study samples included 15 text books and 12 tight skirt consumer products of different brands on sale at three department stores in Seoul each of which had a belt, a back-centered zipper, and back double slits. The findings of the study are summarized as follows: First, text books mainly show very basic sewing methods of using zippers on both sides of the straight-lined waist belt. This indicates that it is necessary for such methods to be complemented so that they cover a recent variety of designs, materials, and sewing machines. For consumer products, the main sewing method is to use a curved waist belt and a console zipper in silhouette running across half the hipbone. Second, consumer products employ three different types of cutting and sewing methods for putting an inseam on the center of the back slit part: to leave the whole inseam hemmed in the back center, to cut the left side of the inseam to the upper part of the back slit, and to cut the inseam to both the upper parts of the back slit. However, a method shown in most of the sampled text books is to cut the inseam of the back center to both the upper parts of the back slit. Third, the way of finishing a bottom edge hem in the text books is to do slip-stitch, herringbone stitch, and slinting hemming, in order after doing over-lock stitch, or to cut the hem on the bias and then slip-stitch, while for the consumer products the most frequently used sewing method is to finish the bottom edge hem by doing secoui-stitch. Finally, while in the text books the method of stitching darts and tucks is used for lining, the main lining method used in consumer products is to make tucks only. Also in the way of stitching the side seams of lining or the seams of the back center, there is a difference between the two sample groups of text books and the consumer products: while the former suggests using both open seams and over-lock stitch, the latter is found to finish the seams using an over-lock stitch only.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to explore some of the right directions for school dental-health education, by examining nursing students' knowledge on and attitude to the two major oral diseases in our country, dental caries and periodontal disease, as they will take charge of dental-health education and care for children in school dental-health center as sole expert health personnels after graduation. As a result of making an analysis of their knowledge and attitude, the following findings were acquired: (1) The students investigated perceived their oral cavity to tend to be healthy(36.8%) or in moderate situation(36.3%), although they had a subjective symptom for hot or cold food. (2) They thought dental caries is attributed to poor dental hygiene care(90.4%). Among them, 94.1% found toothbrushing effective for the prevention of dental caries, but just 40.2% agreed that toothbrush should be straight. (3) Those who considered fluoride effective for dental caries prevention thought the best way to use fluoride is taking fluoride-containing tap water(2.00). The second best way was fluoride mouth rinse(2.40), followed by the topical application of fluoride(2.70), use of fluoride dentifrice, and intake of fluoride(4.30) in the order named. (4) The regular examination and toothbrushing were mentioned as a way to prevent dental caries, but just toothbrushing was put in action for dental health. So their knowledge and actual attitude weren't the same. (5) They brushed their teeth for oral health(94.3%). Toothbrushing was done after breakfast(71.9%) or before bedtime(65.8%). Just 40.3% performed toothbrushing after lunch. That was implemented twice(35.7%) or three times(37.6%) a day. (6) Out of those who pointed out toothbrushing as a way to prevent periodontal diseases(84.7%), the effect of toothbrushing on the prevention of periodontitis wasn't supported by 7.1% of those who completed the course of study for the teaching profession and by 17.0% of the others who didn't. The two groups weren't of the same opinion. The above-mentioned findings suggest that the dental knowledge of the nursing students wasn't good enough to be properly responsible for school children's dental health care. In particular, there was a gap between knowledge and attitude. To improve children's poor dental health and help their oral cavity stay healthy, there is a need to activate school dental-health center, which is now in model operation, and to make the most of dental hygienists, who are educated to be a dental-health specialist, for more successful dental-health care for school children.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.385-396
• /
• 2012

The geochemical high-grade uranium anormal zone has been reported in the Shinbo mine and its eastern areas, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do located in the southwestern part of Ogcheon metamorphic zone, Korea. In this paper is reported the time-relationship between deformation and growth of metamorphic minerals in the eastern area of Shinbo mine, which consists of the Precambrian metasedimentary rocks (quartzite, metapelite, metapsammite) and the age-unknown pegmatite and Cretaceous porphyry which intrude them, and is considered the relative mineralization time on the basis of the previous research's result. The D1 deformation formed the straight-type Si internal foliation which is defined mainly as the arrangement of elongate quartz, biotite, opaque mineral in andalusite porphyroblast. The D2 deformation, which is defined by the microfolding of Si foliation, formed S2 crenulation cleavage. It can be divided into two sub-phases, early crenulation and late crenulation. The former occurs as the curvetype Si foliation in the mantle part of andalusite. The latter occurs as S1-2 composite foliation which warps around the andalusite. The andalusite porphyroblast began to grow under non-deformation condition after the formation of S1 foliation which corresponds to the straight-type Si foliation. It continued to grow before the late crenulation phase. The age-unknown pegmatite intruded after the D2 deformation and grew the fibrous sillimanite which random masks the S1-2 composite foliation. The D3 deformation formed F3 fold which folded the S1-2 composite foliation, D2 crenulation, fibrous sillimanite. It means that the intrusion of pegmatite related to the growth of the fibrous sillimanite took place during the inter-tectonic phase of D2 and D3 deformations. The retrograde metamorphism is recognized by the chloritization of biotite and two-way cleavage lamellae which is parallel to the S1-2 composite foliation and the F3 fold axial surface in the andalusite porphyroblast. It occurred during the D2 late crenulation phase and D3 deformation. In considering of the previous research's result inferring the most likely candidate for the uranium source rock as pegamatite, it indicates that the age-unknown pegmatite intruded during the inter-tectonic phase of D2 and D3 deformations, i.e. during the retrograde metamorphism related to the uplifting of crust, and formed the uranium ore zone around the Shinbo mine.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.85-93
• /
• 1992

We have studied the dosimetric properties of electron beam using Lyon intraoperative device for intraoperative radiation therapy. The dosimetry data had compiled in such a way that a quick and correct decision regarding the cone shape, energy, and accurate calculations could be made. Using 3 dimensional water phantom, we have got the following data: cone output ratios, surface dose, $d_{max}$, $d_{90}$, flatness, symmetry, beam profiles, isodose curve, and SSD correction factors. The cone output ratios were measured with straight and bevelled cone, respectively. As the cone size and the energy were reduced, the cone output ratios decreased rapidly. With the flattening filter, the surface dose increased by electron beam to $85.3\%$, $89.2\%$, and $93.4\%$, for 6 MeV, 9 MeV, and 12 MeV, respectively. It is important to increase the surface dose to $90\%$ or more. Inspite of diminishing dose rate and beam penetration, this flattening filter increases the treatment volume significantly. With the combination of the three levels collimation and the flattening filter, we achieved good homogeneity of the beam and better flatness and the diameter of the 90$\%$ isodose curve was increased. It is important to increase the area that is included in the $90\%$ isodose level. The value of measured and calculated SSD correction factors did not agree over the clinically important range from 100 cm to 110 cm.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.640-655
• /
• 2003

Statement of problem : The beauty has a little different meaning according to a time, culture, and nation. Purpose : This study was undertaken to determine the Korean perception of the altered upper anterior dental esthetics including the lack of symmetry, the midline deviation, the gingival exposure, the inclination of incisal plane, the type of incisal plane, and the type of gingival line. Material and Method : 670 subjects were participated in this survey. A questionnaire accompanied by 12 sets of computer-manipulated images using 3D MAX 4.2 software was used to record the ranking of the geometric preference related to the anterior esthetic discrepancies in three or four degrees of alteration. The statistical significance of the differences between the groups was determined by a one-way ANOVA and a t-test. Results : The results obtained were as follows: 1) The Korean perception of the anterior dental esthetics according to the subjects' occupation, sex, and age was most affected by occupation. 2) The masked image emphasizing the dentition and lips appeared stranger than the non-masked image at the same alteration. 3) The lack of symmetry, which was expressed as a unilateral discoloration of the tooth, showed incongruity in any teeth of the anterior dentition. The incongruity was more severe as the degree occurred closer to the midline. 4) The deviation of midline was showed more severe strangeness as the degree of deviation increased. However, more than half of the subjects did not perceive a deviation of 5mm. 5) During smiling, the exposure of the upper gingiva showed more severe incongruity as the degree of gingival exposure increased. 77% of the subjects perceived strangeness at the gingival exposure of 4.5mm. 6) The inclination of the incisal plane appeared stranger as the degree of inclination increased. 62% of subjects perceived strangeness at the $7.5^{\circ}$ inclination of the incisal plane. 7) The type of incisal plane showed increasing strangeness in the order of convex/downward, straight/horizontal, and concave/upward. 80% of subjects perceived strangeness at concave/upward. 8) The type of gingival line was showed increasing incongruity in the order of the same, a little above, and a little under the zenith of the lateral incisor to the line joining the zenith of the central incisor and the canine. However, less than half the subjects did not perceive strangeness at any alteration of the gingival line. Conclusion : The Korean perception of the upper anterior dental esthetics was different to the westerner's perception in the some respects.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.85-102
• /
• 2010

Linear programming(LP) is useful for finding the best way in a given condition for some list of requirements represented as linear equations. This study analysed LP in mathematics contexts and LP in school mathematics contexts, considered learning process of LP from an epistemological point of view, and explored a hypothetical learning trajectory of LP. The differences between mathematics contexts and school mathematics contexts are whether they considered that the convex polytope $\Omega$ is feasible/infeasible or bounded/unbounded or not, and whether they prove the theorem that the optimum is always attained at a vertex of the polyhedronor not. And there is a possibility that students could not understand what is maximum and minimum of a linear function when the domain of the function is limited. By considering these three aspects, we constructed hypothetical learning trajectory consisted of 4 steps. The first step is to see a given linear expression as linear function, the second step is to partition a given domain by straight lines, the third step is to construct the conception of y-intercept by relating lines and the range of k, and the forth step is to identify whether there exists the optimum in a given domain or not.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.3-14
• /
• 2018

For satisfying consumer needs, commercial facilities require a variety of sale-related space expressions and eye-catching product arrangements; space composition can also be a direct marketing strategy. The human eye is the sensory organ that acquires the largest amount of information, and an analysis of visual information helps in understanding visual relations between . However, the existing studies are mostly focused on analysis of still frames in experimental images, and there is a lack of studies analyzing gaze information based on mobile images of commercial spaces. Therefore, this study analyzed emotional responses through gaze information of space users in reality using a video of a movement route through a commercial facility. The analysis targeted straight sections of the moving route; based on the data acquired, sectional characteristics of five gaze intensity ranges were examined. As a result, section A, the starting point of the route, had a low gaze intensity, while section B had the highest gaze intensity. This indicates that, starting in section B, the subjects explored the space in a stable way and needed time to adapt to the experimental video. In relation to space characteristics of the gaze-concentrated area, display formats of the right stores in 4 of 6 sections received greater attention. The gaze of consumers was mostly focused on props, and big gaze information was revealed in showcase display formats of the stores. In conclusion, this analysis method can provide highly useful direct design data about merchandise display and merchandise component arrangement based on consumer visual preference.