• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3D
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• pp.445-450
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• 2008

Recently, environmental and ecological approaches is in progress in urban stream, especially the guarantee of instream flow becomes very important. In this paper, it is suggested that water volume estimation method utilizing the topographical shape data obtained by field investigation and satellite image to manage the urban stream efficiently. The data obtained at Gap River is the study area are analysed and those results are as belows. First, surveying to investigate topographic shape characteristics of urban stream is carried out. In details, the gradient characteristics from water surface to bottom in case of sand area and in case of grass area are 0.013 and 0.065 respectively. In conclusion, the gradient characteristic of grass area is five times bigger than that of sand area. Besides, IKONOS image is classified by spectrum analysis and Minimum Distance Method and the sand area extraction method by the generalization method as Median filter is suggested to calculate water volume. Finally, mapping process on the sand area extracted from the topographical shape field data in river and satellite images is carried out by the GIS spatial analysis. And on the assumption that the water level was 1m at that time when satellite image was taken, the water volume was $225,258m^3$. It is clarified that the effect of water volume improvement was about 10.5% in comparison with water volume that had no consideration on the gradient characteristics of sand-bar.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2016

This study aims to suggest the framework of functional assessment on lotic area based on HGM(Hydrogeomorphic) approach targeting Wetland Protected Areas which are in the type of river channel, and to set up the fundamental data as a reference wetland. A total of 10 factors in terms of hydrology, biogeochemistry, plant habitat and animal habitat was analyzed based on the original approach of HGM and each Functional Capacity Index(FCI) of those factors was calculated. As the result of the modified FCI analysis, Damyang riverine wetland which is with artificial river bank had high values in the variables of area ratio of actual vegetation in the foreland, the number of plant per area and the area ratio of Salix spp., and those values were highly reflected on the factors of Nutrient Cycling(947,668.00), Species Richness and Maintain Characteristic Plant Communites(6.39) and Maintain Spatial Structure of Habitat(11.00). The Hanbando wetland which is keeping the natural bank had higher values in the variables of structural scale and species diversity, and the those values were highly reflected on the factors of Energy Dissipation(17,805.16), Subsurface Storage of Water(0.54), Removal of Imported Elements and Compounds(103,052.73), Maintain Characteristic Detrital Biomass(2.31), Maintenance of Interspersion and Connectivity (6.50), Species Diversity of Benthic macro-invertebrates(1.60) and Species Diversity of Vertebrate & Species Number of Other Animals(2.52/ 151.50), compared to the Damyang Riverine Wetland.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2004

A solid of Thermophilic Aerobic Oxidation(TAO) System was mixed with sawdust or a rice husks. After fermentation was finished, molding machine and a dryer were used, and pellet fertilizer was produced. The fertilizing experiment was carried out as five pieces by Bed soil, TAO solid(TAO-S), TAO pellet fertilizer(TAO-PF), Chemical fertilizer(NPK) and Control(no fertilizer). Growth rate of the Chinese cabbage by each treatment was examined. Analysis of microbe and soil characteristic before and after crop experiment were carried out. When the moisture contents of TAO-PF were $18\%$ and $25\%$, the occurrence rate of microbes for the storage time was increased to $80\%$ and $100\%$ respectively. However, in the $12\%$ of water content treatment was not increased microbes. The concentration of soil bacteria in TAO-PF and TAO-S for 15 day after treatment was $1.5\times10^7\~8.0\times10^7$ CFU/ml, and the concentration of bacteria for 50 day was increased to $6.3\times10^7$ and $8.3\times10^7$ CFU/ml. However, Fungus decreased. The concentration of Actinomycetes was increased in TAO solid, Bed soil and TAO-PF treatment. The TAO-S and TAO-PF treatment were normal to compare to the NPK treatment. In this experiment the height and width of the Chinese cabbage were 22.3 cm, 16.8 cm in Bed soil and 28.8 cm, 21.3 cm in TAO solid. The leaf number of TAO-S, TAO-PF and NPK treatment were similar to 39.8, 38.3, 40.3 sheet. As the result, the TAO-PF knew that use was possible with fertilizer.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2006

Ammonia emission from swine production process originates from three major sources: manure storage facility, swine housing, and land application of manure. Most of the ammonia gas that are emitted from swine production operations is the by-product of aerobic or anaerobic decomposition of swine waste by microorganism. Knowing the ammonia emission rate is necessary to understand how management practices or alternative manure handling process could reduce impacts of this emission on the environment and neighbors. Ammonia gas emission from pig slurry is very difficult to predict because it is affected by many factors including wind speed of slurry surface, temperature or pH of the swine slurry, sort breed differences and classes, and diets. This study was carried out to effects of pH and temperature on ammonia gas emission from growing-finishing pig slurry. Treated far slurry in this study were pH and temperature. Results showed that pH of slurry variable changes 5, 6, 7, 8 upon an addition of NaOH and $HNO_3$, respectively. The temperature of the slurry which was contained in a water bath maintained at increasing levels ranging from 10 to $35^{\circ}C$. Ammonia emission rate of influenced pH and temperature such that the increase in pH or temperature resulted to an increase in ammonia emission. The ammonia gas was not detected at pH 5 and 6. Moreover, at a slurry of pH 8, the ammonia ranged from 28 to 60ppm and 8-29 ppm at slurry pH of 7 while temperature was 13 to $33^{\circ}C$. When slurry pH was>6, the ammonia emission was significantly increased according to rise in temperature in contrast to acid treatment of the pH. There was also a significantly increase in ammonia emission relative to slurry pH of 7 to 8. The above findings showed that to effectively reduce ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs, the pH and temperature should be maintained a low levels.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.69-81
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• 2001

The constitutive relation among capillary pressure, saturation and relative permeability should be predetermined in order to simulate immiscible water-gas flow in porous media. The relation between saturation and relative permeability becomes more important when the capillary force can be disregarded and viscous friction force governs the flow. In this study, a 2-dimensional finite difference numerical model was developed, in which the variation of viscosity with pressure and that of relative permeability with water saturation can be treated. Seven cases of parallel plate tests were performed in order to obtain the characteristic equation of relative permeability which would be used in. the developed numerical model. It was not possible, however, to match the curves of relative permeability from the plate tests with the existing emperical models. Consequently a logistic equation was proposed as a new emperical model. As this model was composed of the parameter involving aperture size, any aperture size of fracture can be applied to the model. For the purpose of verification, the characteristic equation of relative permeability was applied to the developed numerical model and the computed results were compared with those of plate test. As a result of application of numerical model, in order to check the field applicability, to single fracture surrounding an underground storage cavern, the simultaneous flow of water and propane gas was able to be simulated properly by the model.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.42-56
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• 2017

In Korea, which has three sides of the sea, various waterfront spaces are being developed and developed along with various coastal landscapes. However, there are a lot of cases that do not consider the regional characteristic of the coast or the characteristic of the coastal landscape. In many cases, the street facilities cause the landscape degradation and the use inconvenience because of incongruity with the scenery, aging and lax management. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the specificity of the coastal landscape in planning and directing the street facilities, harmonizing with the surrounding natural environment, and consideration of sustainability. However, there is no research or planning index for sustainable street facilities considering the coastal characteristics. Therefore, this study suggests plan elements to improve the sustainability of the street facilities on the shore and proposes them as basic plan elements, and suggests what kind of improvements should be made to improve the sustainability of coastal facilities in Korea. Based on the plan elements derived from the plan, we checked the problems and complementary points of coastal street facilities in Korea by analyzing the current status of the street facilities around the Jeju Island beach from a sustainable point of view, and suggested plan indicators that should be supplemented to improve sustainability. We surveyed the street facilities such as walkway blocks, benches, pagoda, drinking fountain, trash cans, bicycle shelters, fences, guide maps, streetlights, and shower rooms in 10 beaches in Jeju Island. This study analyzed the sustainability characteristics of the each factor of these facilities by surveying the reflectivity of the 23 plan indicators from the six aspects derived from the sustainability planning factor as conformity, partial reflection, non - reflection, and nonconformity. The results of the analysis showed that the functional aspect was the highest with 68.3%, the material aspect (53%), the landscape aspect (22.3%), the productive aspect (14.7%) and the morphological aspect (12.2%), and maintenance / management (10.6%). In addition, the facilities with the lowest fitness in each aspect are bicycle shelter in landscape aspect, bicycle storage box and trash can in form aspect, shower room in material aspect, trash can in functional aspect, showroom, guide maps and drinking fountain in product aspect, showroom In maintenance aspect. In order to improve the sustainability of coastal facilities in the future, it is necessary to complement the administrative and landscape aspects. In coastal facilities, it is necessary to consider the sustainability planning index, especially for showers, taking into account the specificity of beaches. Consideration should be given to various aspects of sustainability for bike shelters and trash facilities. Through this study, we have proposed the plan elements to systematize, supplement, and improve the planning index for sustainability improvement in coastal facilities planning.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1998

Recently Zr-based $AB_2$ type hydrogen absorbing alloy has received much attention as a negative electrode material for the Ni-MH batteries because of its high capacity. In this study $ZrV_{0.1}Mn_{0.7}Ni_{1.2}$ alloy was chosen and the effects of heat treatment and a partial substitution of the Mo in Mn site on the various electrode properties were investigated. The alloys was prepared by arc melting (as-cast sample). Some of them were heat treated at $1,100^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. After this they were differentiated by the different cooling rates of slow cooling and quenching. Various electrode characteristics such as activation process, high rate dischargeability and self discharge characteristic were investigated with the three types of electrodes. It was found that heat treated alloys resulted in an increase in plateau flatness of P-C isotherms however both discharge capacity and high rate capability were decreased. And the partial substitution of Mo for Mn in $ZrV_{0.1}Mn_{0.7}Ni_{1.2}$ alloy improved the self-discharge characteristic without the loss of discharge capacity (300mAh/g).

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 2023

Coal-fired power plants handle large quantities of coal, one of the most prominent NORM, and the coal ash produced after the coal is burned can be tens of times more radioactive than the coal. Workers in these industries may be exposed to internal exposure by inhalation of particles while handling NORM. This study evaluated the size, concentration, particle shape and density, and radioactivity concentrations of airborne suspended particles in the main processes of a coal-fired power plant. Finally, the internal radiation dose to workers from particle inhalation was evaluated. For this purpose, airborne particles were collected by size using a multi-stage particle collector to determine the size, shape, and concentration of particles. Samples of coal and coal ash were collected to measure the density and radioactivity of particles. The dose conversion factor and annual radionuclide inhalation amount were derived based on the characteristics of the particles. Finally, the internal radiation dose due to particle inhalation was evaluated. Overall, the internal radiation dose to workers in the main processes of coalfired power plants A and B ranged from 1.47×10^-5~1.12×10^-3 mSv y^-1. Due to the effect of dust generated during loading operations, the internal radiation dose of fly ash loading processes in both coal-fired power plants A and B was higher than that of other processes. In the case of workers in the coal storage yard at power plants A and B, the characteristic values such as particle size, airborne concentration, and working time were the same, but due to the difference in radioactivity concentration and density depending on the origin of the coal, the internal radiation dose by origin was different, and the highest was found when inhaling coal imported from Australia among the five origins. In addition, the main nuclide contributing the most to the internal radiation dose from the main processes in the coal-fired power plants was thorium due to differences in dose conversion factors. However, considering the external radiation dose of workers in coal-fired power plants presented in overseas research cases, the annual effective dose of workers in the main processes of power plants A and B does not exceed 1mSv y^-1, which is the dose limit for the general public notified by the Nuclear Safety Act. The results of this study can be utilized to identify the internal exposure levels of workers in domestic coal-fired power plants and will contribute to the establishment of a data base for a differential safety management system for NORM-handling industries in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.69-79
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• 2016

Lithium ion battery with high energy density is expanding its application area to electric automobile and electricity storage field beyond existing portable electric devices. Such expansion of an application field is demanding higher characteristic and stable long life characteristic of an anode material, the natural graphite that became commercialized in lithium ion battery. This thesis produced cathode by using natural graphite anode material, analyzed creation of the cathode SEI film created due to initial reaction by using electrolyte additives, VC (vinylene carbonate), VEC (vinyl ethylene carbonate), and FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate), and considered correlation with the accompanying electrochemical transformation. This study compared and analyzed the SEI film variation of natural graphite cathode according to the electrolyte additive with SEI that is formed at the time of initial filling and cathode of $60^{\circ}C$ life characteristic. At the time of initial filling, the profile showed changes due to the SEI formation, and SEI was formed in No-Additive in approximately 0.9 V through EVS, but for VC, VEC, and FEC, the formation reaction was created above 1 V. In $60^{\circ}C$ lifespan characteristic evaluation, the initial efficiency was highest in No-Additive and showed high contents percentage, but when cycle was progressed, the capacity maintenance rate decreased more than VC and FEC as the capacity and efficiency at the time of filling decreased, and VEC showed lowest performance in efficiency and capacity maintenance rate. Changes of SEI could not be verified through SEM, but it was identified that as the cycle of SEI ingredients was progressed through FT-IR, ingredients of Alkyl carbonate ($RCO_2Li$) affiliation of the $2850-2900cm^{-1}$ was maintained more solidly and the resistance increased as cycle was progressed through EIS, and specially, it was identified that the resistance due to No-Additive and SEI of VEC became very significant. Continuous loss of additives was verified through GC-MS, and the loss of additives from partial decomposition and remodeling of SEI formed the non-uniform surface of SEI and is judged to be the increase of resistance.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.396-401
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• 2008

Effects of replacing pork backfat with a combination (ICM) of isolated soy protein (ISP), carrageenan, and maltodextrin, or with ICM +olive oil, on the quality characteristics of sausages were investigated. Both treatments had lower fat content (p<0.05), but higher protein and moisture contents than the control (p<0.05). The fat content of low-fat sausage containing the ICM was increased on day 30 compared to day 1 and 15 (p<0.05), and that of ICM+olive oil was increased after day 15. The water holding capacity of ICM was lower than the control through day 30 (p<0.05). The ICM+olive oil had a lower cooking loss than ICM on day 1 and 15 (p<0.05). On day 1, the ICM had lower lightness and higher redness values than the control (p<0.05), and the ICM+olive oil had a higher yellowness value than the control and ICM (p<0.05). Both treatments presented higher hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness values than the control (p<0.05). The lipid oxidation values of both treatments were lower than the control on day 15 and 30 (p<0.05), and those were affected by the addition of olive oil. The ICM was rated higher for sensory color and overall acceptability than the ICM+olive oil (p<0.05).