• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2002

Phonologically, the difference between the English stops /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ is carried by the presence or the absence of the vocal fold vibration throughout their oral closure phase. If phonology has its foundation in phonetics, there must be phonetic evidence for the voiced-voiceless distinction. This study is aimed to determine whether or not the voiced-voiceless distinction is acceptable or proper in English. The determination was based mainly on findings in the existing literature and in informal experiments. In conclusion, there is no phonetic evidence for the voiced-voiceless distinction both in production and perception. The [voice] appears to be one of potential phonetic correlates of the phonologically voiced stop. It is improper to use the [voice] as independent phonological marker, regardless of position (word-initial, intervocalic, word-final). A feature other than the voiced-voiceless feature must distinguish /b, d, g/ from /p, t, k/.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.4
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• pp.25-42
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• 1998

In order to promote a foodservice professionally, the operator must carefully plan of enterprise goals and how to meet them. This is especially truth of foodservices in which both production and service aspects take place under one roof. In such a case, the foodservice operator sells products and services not just one. It is up to the foodservice operator to package the products and services in a manner that is most pleasing customers. The first stop here is to determine who the customers are and what hey want. The process of answering these questions and developing a program to meet the needs identified is called marketing. This study deals primarily with internal promotional concepts, in this study it is important to cover a few of the basic concepts of marketing as well. Thus this study is try to present the merchandising food. In this study, the merchandising food is based on training employees, planning special promotions, featuring special menu items, creating atmosphere, developing good public relations using promotional materials.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.185-200
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the treatment, generalization, and maintenance effects of vocal relaxation treatment on compensatory articulation(i.e., glottalization of plosive sound) of three children with cleft palate. Multiple baseline design was applied to evaluate treatment, generalization, and maintenance effects. The targeted phonemes were ph/, th/, /t/ which Were frequently substituted by glottal stop sounds. The main component of the treatment program was vocal relaxation using humming and aspiration sound /h/. The following conclusions were deduced from the results: (1) the treatment program for compensatory articulation was effective in facilitating correct production of targeted phoneme and eliminating glottalization for all subjects, (2) the treatment effects on articulation accuracy were generalized to untreated phonemes (/c/, /c$c^{h}$/) for 2 subjects, (3) the treatment effects on decrease of glottalization were generalized to untreated phonemes for all subjects, and (4) the treatment effects were maintained for all subjects for 2 weeks after treatment was terminated.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.55-58
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• 2008

The objective of the research is to design, manufacture and test a Mass Flow Controller(MFC) capable of measuring compressible fluid flows based on a "bucket and stop-watch"method. The basic principle is the measurement of time, where the time taken to fill and empty a bucket of known volume is measured. This method of flow measurement is a new concept when compared to a commercilized current mass flow controller. For the flow meter to be able to compete with established designs it not only must be comparable in cost and robustness, it must be very accurate and reliable as well. This device should be able to handle fluid flows in the range of 0.1ml/min to 10ml/min within an accuracy of ${\pm}$1%. A possible application for a device such as this is in electronics industry where arsenic gas is used in the production of silicon chips.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-90
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• 2020

The city of Sumqayit in Azerbaijan was famous in the USSR for its chemical plants, which supplied the whole country with plastics, detergents, and fertilizers. While production increased in the post-WWII period, young people from remote Caucasian villages were attracted as workers to the industrial settlement on the shore of the Caspian Sea and worked together with specialists from all over the USSR. Migration did not stop when the USSR collapsed. To the contrary, mobility increased as Azerbaijani refugees from Armenia and IDPs from Karabakh fled to Sumqayit, which grew to become the second-largest city of Azerbaijan. Although a generation has passed since the ceasefire, IDPs still are separately administered. In the last 20 years, more and more internal migrants have chosen the Greater Baku Region as their destination, mostly finding jobs in the informal labor market. In the post-independence transformative period, informal housing has offered migrants a place to stay in the city. Sumqayit can be regarded as an arrival city, an established urban platform for migrants who prefer internal over transnational migration.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.618-624
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• 2017

In Seoul and most metropolitan cities, urban trains are delayed due to high congestion during commute times. The delay effect of passengers boarding and disembarking is also significant. In this study, a wide passenger door system was developed as a way to improve the scheduled speed of urban trains by decreasing the passengers' flow time. The door size was defined experimentally to shorten the entrance time. The optimum door size was also determined to improve the stop precision performance of the train while considering the interference effect with peripheral devices. Because the change in door size changes the structural characteristics of the vehicle, the structural stability of a train was analyzed numerically. A prototype of the wide door system was made, and the proposed design was verified using functional and endurance tests. The systematic development process can be used as design data for door size definition and system production when applying a wide door to improve the scheduled speed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.73-81
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• 2013

Coda in the word-medial position plays an important role in acquisition of our speech. Accuracy of the coda in the word-medial position is important as a diagnostic indicator since it has a close relationship with degrees of disorder. Coda in the word-medial position only appears in condition of connecting two vowels and the sequence causes diverse phonological processes to happen. The coda in the word-medial position differs in production difficulty by the initial sound in the sequence. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the tendency of producing a coda in the word-medial position with consideration of an optional phonological process in spontaneous speech of three and four year old children. Data was collected from 24 children (four groups by age) without speech and language delay. The results of the study are as follows: 1) Sonorant coda in the word-medial position showed a high production frequency in manner of articulation, and alveolar in place of articulation. When the coda in the word-medial position is connected to an initial sound in the same place of articulation, it revealed a high frequency of production. 2) The coda in word-medial position followed by an initial alveolar stop revealed a high error rate. Error patterns showed regressive assimilation predominantly. 3) The order of difficulty that Children had producing codas in the word-medial position was $/k^{\neg}/$, $/p^{\neg}/$, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and /l/. Those results suggest that in targeting coda in the word-medial position for evaluation, we should consider optional phonological process as well as the following initial sound. Further studies would be necessary which codas in the word-medial position will be used for therapeutic purpose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2012

Background and Objectives : Dysarthria refers to speech disorder that causes difficulties in speech communication due to paralysis, muscle weakening, and incoordination of speech muscle mechanism caused by damaged central or peripheral nerve system. Pitch, strength and speed are influenced by dysarthria during detonation due to difficulties in muscle control. As evaluation items, alternate motion rate and diadochokinesis have been commonly used, and articulation is also an important evaluation items. The purpose of this study is to find acoustic characteristics on sound production of dysarthria patients. Materials and Methods : Research subjects have been selected as 20 dysarthria patients and 20 subjects for control group, and voice sample was composed of bilabial, alveolar sound, and velar sound in diadochokinetic rate, while consonant articulation test was composed of bilabial plosive, alveolar plosive, velar plosive. Analysis items were composed of 1) speaking rate, energy, articulation time of diadochokinesis, 2) voice onset time (VOT), total duration (TD), vowel duration (VD), hold of plosives. Results and Conclusions : The number of diadochokinetic rate of dysarthria was smaller than control group. Both control group and dysarthria group was highly presented in the order of /t/>/p/>/k/. Minimum energy range per cycle during diadochokinetic rate of dysarthria group was smaller than control group, and presented statistical significance in /p/, /k/, /ptk/. Maximum energy range was larger than control group, and presented statistical significance in /t/, /ptk/. Articulation time, gap, total articulation time during diadochokinetic rate of dysarthria group was longer than control group and presented statistical significance. The articulation time was presented in both control group and dysarthria group in the order of /k/>/t/>/p/, while Gap was presented in the order of /p/>/t/>/k/ for control group and /p/>/k/>/t/ for dysarthria group. VOT, TD, VD regarding plosives of dysarthria group were longer than control group. Hold showed large deviation compared to control group that had appeared due to declined larynx and articulation organ motility.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2020

In this paper, the FIDO (Fast IDentity Online) transaction certification platform was proposed for applying the DID (Decentralized ID) of blockchain with home shopping channels to the IPTV service providers based on the Remocon (Remote Control). In this case, the DID based smart remocon applies biometric identification techniques for personal identification. These individual DID smart remote controls apply distributed ID blockchain, enabling home shopping viewers to conduct reliable ratings surveys through the detection of channel changed information. In addition, this smart remocon utilizes the product purchased information history on home shopping channels, allowing IPTV's home shopping viewers to compare the same broadcasted production information on all channels by blockchain technique and their production characteristics. IPTV service providers can process home shopping order/authorization informations in one-stop service via a number of home shopping broadcasting companies, and DID smart remote controls for home shopping viewers with the checking results of their real-time online access to confirm the FIDO2.0 transaction certification homepage. Thus, the FIDO transaction authentication platforms of IPTV service provider(Telecommunication company) can be expected to improve the benefits of home shopping customers, and to reduce the broadcasting companies' burden of payment, too.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.85-100
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• 2008

Objective: This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on microglia and memory deficit model. Method: The effects of the KSKH hot water extract on expression of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA and production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) were investigated. The effects of the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine-fine powder on the behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and AChE in serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated. Results: 1. The KSKH hot water extract suppressed the expression of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. 2. The KSKH hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ in 100$\mu g/m\ell$ concentration of BV2 microglial cell line culture supernatant. 3. The KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE activation significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. 4. The KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder showed significant effect on memory impairment in the stop-through latency type of Morris water maze test. Conclusions: This experiment shows that the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be effective for the prevention and treatment of amnesia and Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for amnesia and Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.