• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2020

Storytelling, a medium that arouses the customers' purchasing need by playing on their emotions, is the best content that can be used as it can increase the value of goods using information. This paper's significance is that it suggests cultural products that can be used by using Baeke relic Jinmyosu (Guard Animals) as a motif. The purpose was to present the possibility of high value-added cultural products using storytelling techniques. This study developed storytelling by adding the meaning of Jinmyo and Beoksa, who calm protected their masters from evil forces with horns and wings, and has the meaning of ascending into heaven and guiding the soul on the right path. That image gives a glimpse of originality and differentiation to Baekje. This study proposed 4 cultural products as 'Keeper Stone Mason' and 4 'Stone Mason Teller.' The proposed cultural products can help to give correct awareness of Baekje culture through a correct understanding of the historical significance of the Baeke relic, Jinmyosu. Moreover, it will help promote the originality and excellence of Baekje culture around the world by enhancing the value of Baekje culture. This study is expected to be used as a guideline for further research on developing cultural products that can create added value in various fields.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

Composite nature of the masonry structures in general causes complex and non-linear behaviour, especially in intense vibration conditions. The presence of different types and forms of structural elements and different materials is a major problem for the analysis of these type of structures. For this reason, the analysis of the behaviour of masonry structures requires a combination of experimental tests and non-linear mathematical modelling. The famous UNESCO Heritage Old Bridge in Mostar was selected as an example for the analysis of the global behaviour of reinforced stone arch masonry bridges. As part of the experimental research, a model of the Old Bridge was constructed in a scale of 1:9 and tested on a shaking table platform for different levels of seismic excitation. Non-linear mathematical modelling was performed using a combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM), including the effect of connection elements. The paper presents the horizontal displacement of the top of the arch and the failure mechanism of the Old Bridge model for the experimental and the numerical phase, as well as the comparison of the results. This research provided a clearer insight into the global behaviour of stone arch masonry structures reinforced with steel clamps and steel dowels, which is significant for the structures classified as world cultural heritage.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2023

Seokgojeon(石鼓殿) is a protective pavilion that protects stone drums made in 1902 during the Korean Empire in connection with Emperor Gojong's Mangyuksun (51'st birthday) and the commemoration of the 40th anniversary of his reign. During the Japanese colonial period, Seokgojeon was dismantled and transformed into the bell pavilion of Bakmunsa Temple, which was a memorial temple for Ito Hirobumi in 1935. In November 1945, just after liberation, Bakmunsa Temple was burned down, and the Seokgojeon Hall, which was transformed into Jonggak(鐘閣), was relocated to the Changgyeongwon(昌慶苑). Outdoor Stage in 1966, and was dismantled in 1984 due to the Changgyeonggung(昌慶宮) Palace restoration project, and only the members are currently stored. Therefore, this paper intends to use it as a basic research data to examine the style of monumental buildings during the Korean Empire through literature surveys, absence surveys, and case studies of similar buildings during the same period.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.231-243
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• 2022

The earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 6.8, which occurred on January 24, 2020, hit Sivrice (Elazığ) province of Turkey. The earthquake area takes place on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) located between the Arabian and Turkish plates, one of the most active seismic regions in Turkey. According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD), 584 buildings collapsed, 6845 were heavily damaged, 1207 were moderately damaged, and 14389 were slightly damaged. The authors went to the region of earthquake after the mainshock to investigate the earthquake performances of masonry buildings. This paper presents the seismological aspects of the earthquake, acceleration records, and response spectra with different damping ratios. Furthermore, some typical damages and failure mechanisms on masonry buildings like rubble stone dwellings and minarets are discussed with illustrative photos. Although many major earthquakes have occurred in the region, similar mistakes are still being made in masonry building construction. In consequence, some suggestions viewpoint of the wooden tie beams, the corner details of masonry walls, the door and window openings, the metal fasteners and the earthquake codes are made to be more careful in masonry constructions at the end of the article.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.4-24
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• 2009

This paper examined archaeological resources that discuss how Silla entered the Gangneung area, the coastal region along the East Sea that has been excavated most actively. Silla expanded its territories while organizing the its system as an ancient state and acquired several independent townships in various regions, stretching its forces to the East Sea area faster than any other ancient states of the time. In particular, many early relics and heritages of Silla have been found in Gangneung, the center of the East Sea area. Many archaeological resources prove these circumstances of that time and provide brief texts that are valuable for our interpretation of historical facts. In this respect, it was possible for me to examine these resources to answer my question as to why early relics and heritages of Silla are found in the Gangneung area. Based on my research on Silla's advancement into the Gangneung area, I have acquired the following results: How did Silla rule this area after conquering Yeguk in the Gangneung area? After conquering the Gangneung area, Silla attempted an indirect ruling at first. Later, Silla adopted a direct ruling system. I divided the indirect ruling period into two phases: introduction and settlement. In detail, Silla's earthenware and stone chamber tombs first appeared in Hasi-dong in the fourth quarter of the 4th Century and the tombs spread to Chodang-dong in the second quarter of the 5th Century. A belt with dragon pattern openwork, which seems to be from the second quarter of the 5th Century, was found to tell us that the Gangneung region began receiving rewards from Silla during this time. Thus, the period from the fourth quarter of the 4th Century to the second quarter of the 5th Century is designated as the 1st Phase (Introduction) of indirect ruling in terms of aechaeological findings. This is when Silla was first advanced to the Gangneung area and tolerated independent administration of the conquered. In the third and fourth quarters of the 5th Century, old mound tombs appeared and burials of relics that symbolized power emerged. In the third quarter of the 5th Century, stone chamber tombs were prevalent, but wooden chamber tombs, stone mounded wooden chamber tombs, and lateral entrance stone chamber tombs began to emerge. Also, tombs that were clustered in Hasi-dong and Chodang-dong began to scatter to Byeongsan-dong, Yeongjin-ri, and Bangnae-ri nearby. Steel pots were the symbol of power that emerged at this time. In the fourth quarter of the 5th Century, stone chamber tombs were still dominating, but wooden chamber tombs, stone mounded wooden chamber tombs, and lateral entrance stone chamber tombs became more popular. More crowns, crown ornaments, big daggers, and belts were bestowed by Silla, mostly in Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong. The period from the third quarter to the fourth quarter of the 5th Century was designated as the 2nd Phase (Settlement) of indirect ruling in terms of aechaeological findings. At this time, Silla bestowed items of power to the ruling class of the Gangneung area and gave equal power to the rulers of Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong to keep them restrained by each other. However, Silla converted the ruling system to direct ruling once it recognized the Gangneung area as the base of its expedition of conquest to the north. In the first quarter of the 6th Century, old mound tombs disappeared and small/medium-sized mounds appeared in the western inlands and the northern areas. In this period, the tunnel entrance stone chamber tombs were large enough for people to enter with doors. A cluster of several tunnel entrance stone chamber tombs was formed in Yeongjin-ri and Bangnae-ri at this time, probably with the influence of Silla's direct ruling. In the first quarter of the 6th Century, Silla dispatched officers from the central government to complete the local administration system and replaced the ruling class of Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong with that of Silla-friendly Yeonjin-ri and Bangnae-ri to reorganize the local administration system and gain full control of the Gangneung area.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.83-102
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• 2008

In the book of , it is recorded that the names of ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine were Cheongwoongyo(blue cloud bridge) and Baekwoongyo(white cloud bridge) and the names of stairs to the paradise hall were Yeonwhagyo(lotus bridge) and Chilbogyo(seven treasure bridge). But, the ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine and the paradise hall are single consecutive stairs with 2 levels respectively. Because of this, it is rather hard to clearly designate the names to the upper level and the lower level stairs. But, of the stairs to the Paradise hall, the lower stairs have a carving of lotus, and the upper stairs have seven stairs. In this aspect of artifacts, we can safely assume that the upper stairs are Chilbogyo and the lower are Yeonwhagyo. But, for the ingressive stairs to the main shrine, there is no such artificial hint. So, it is difficult to designate the upper and the lower stairs for the two bridges. Especially, it is not clear whether the descriptive order of "lower stairs upper stairs" in the names of Yeonwhagyo and Chilbogyo can be applied to the names of stairs to the main shrine. It is because the general descriptive order is "upper lower" rather than "lower upper." Even though there have been many studies on the Bulguksa temple, the study on the ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine has not made till now. Therefore, the study on the position of Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo stairs can have its validity. In this paper, the positional approach to Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo has been made in following aspects: First, the temple structure of Bulguksa; Second, the five element theory of oriental philosophy and the Book of Changes; Third, the directional consciousness of Buddhism. Through the aspects, the validity of up-down position of Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo has been sought. In this research, it can be concluded that the upper level of ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine of Bulguksa is Cheongwoongyo and the lower level is Baekwoongyo. When considered in the Buddhist directional consciousness, it forms the total structure of "East-Cheongwoongyo South- Baekwoongyo West-Yeonwhagyo North-Chilbogyo."

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2008

Stone cultural heritages in Korea are mostly situated out door without any notable protection thus there are severe damage from chemical and biological weathering. This in turn, causes deformation and structural damage. To counter act this problem and to increase durability, various kinds of conservation materials are used in the conservation and restoration treatment. However, there are not many practical and technological experiment done on this subject. This paper attempts quantitative evaluation of effectiveness of ethylsilicate based resin for Namsan granite in Gyeongju. When two different materials with different ethylsilicate concentration were compared, the result indicated decrease of absorption and porosity with increase of ultrasonic velocities, uniaxial compressive strength, elastic constant, tensile strength and Poisson's ratio. In addition, comparison of physical characteristic of the conservation material resulted favorably toward ones with higher concentration of ethylsilicate. This is due to the ethylsilicates characteristic to fill the internal pores of stone. There is discolouration of stone surface after treatment with conservation material. This was more prominent with the product of higher ethylsilicate concentration.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.182-193
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• 1997

The normal cement concrete is widely used material to build the construction recently, but it has a fault to increase the dead load on account of its unit weight is large compared with strength. Therefore, many engineers are continuously searching for new materials of construction to provide greater performance at lower density. The main purpose of the work described in this paper were to establish the physical and mechanical properties of synthetic lightweight aggregate concrete using perlite on fine aggregate and expanded clay, pumice stone on coarse aggregate. The test results of this study are summarized that the water-cement ratio was shown 47% using expanded clay, 56% using pumice stone on coarse aggregate, unit weight was shown $l,622kgf/m^3$ using expanded clay, $l,596kgf/m^3$ using pumice stone on coarse aggregate, and the absorption ratio was shown same as 17%. The compressive strength was shown more than $228kgf/cm^2$, tensile and bending strength was more than $27kgf/cm^2$, $58kgf/cm^2$ at all types, and rebound number with schmidt hammer was increased with increase of compressive strength. The static modulus was $1.12{\times}10^5kgf/cm^2$ using expanded clay, $1.09{\times}10^5kgf/cm^2$ using pumice stone on coarse aggregate, and stress-strain curves were shown that increased with increase of stress, and the strain on the maximum stress was shown identical with $2.0{\times}10^{-3}$, approximately.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.13-25
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• 2021

The most widely used method for determining the blast effects of explosives is the Trauzl test. This test is used to measure the explosive power (strength) of a substance by determining volume increase, which is produced by the detonation of a tested explosive charge in the cavity of a lead block with defined quality and size. In this paper, Trauzl lead block test and High speed 3D-DIC (Digital Image Correlation) system were conducted to evaluate the stemming effect of the blast hole. The effects of stemming materials can be expressed as the expansion of the cavity in a standard lead block through explosion of the explosives. The blasting experiment was conducted with emulsion explosives. The stemming material in the blast hole of lead block, which was adopted in this study, were using sand and stone chips. Results of blasting experiment and numerical analysis showed that the expansion rates of lead block were most affected by stone chips followed by sand. Also, as result of dynamic strain measurement on the lead block surface of High speed 3D-DIC system, the displacement and surface strain on the block were the highest in the experiment case of stone chips stemming.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2011

By studying 'Sauidangzi' written by Honggyungmo(1774~1851), this paper shows on the location, the space organization, and the landscape culture of 'Sauidang' which was upper class's house in late period of the Joseon. Sauidang was the residence of about 530 kan(about $1,750m^2$) which was given to Jeongmyunggongju(daughter of Sunzo) by Injo when she married with Hongjuwon, located at the good place where Mt. Mokmyuk, Mt. Dobong, Mt. Inwang, and Janwon peak are harmonized all together. The residence was on the foothill of Mt. Mokmyuk, facing to the northeast. The main house was facing to the east with the inner and back yards, and the separate house(Sauidang) was facing to the west with the garden, and a vegetable field was set in the outer yard where is connected with a main road where willow trees were lined up, 'Sauidang' was called as "the garden of princess", and a stair-shaped flower garden was made to the south, and one could look down the Hanyang castle as a whole. In the garden, there were trees and house plants enriching one's mind to wish an eternal life with oddly shaped stones or flowers, and symbolizing a fairly land. There were 38 types of trees that were planted either on the ground or in pots as various bundles like 1 tree, 2 trees, 3 trees, 4 trees, 5 trees, 8 trees, and 9 trees. Taehosuk, oddly shaped stones, stone panels, stone pillars, jade panels, sundial, walls and fences, stone stairs, steppingstones, and buildings were set for the landscape. Also, the residence had rare luxuries of landscaping culture like Wangheeji's Nanjungsoogyeseo, Sosik's Cheeongjeongi, Jomangboo's Jeokbyukboo, and Anpyungdaegoon's Behaedangcheop.