The Ruling System of Silla to Gangneung Area Judged from Archaeological Resources in 5th to 6th Century

고고자료로 본 5~6세기 신라의 강릉지역 지배방식

This paper examined archaeological resources that discuss how Silla entered the Gangneung area, the coastal region along the East Sea that has been excavated most actively. Silla expanded its territories while organizing the its system as an ancient state and acquired several independent townships in various regions, stretching its forces to the East Sea area faster than any other ancient states of the time. In particular, many early relics and heritages of Silla have been found in Gangneung, the center of the East Sea area. Many archaeological resources prove these circumstances of that time and provide brief texts that are valuable for our interpretation of historical facts. In this respect, it was possible for me to examine these resources to answer my question as to why early relics and heritages of Silla are found in the Gangneung area. Based on my research on Silla's advancement into the Gangneung area, I have acquired the following results: How did Silla rule this area after conquering Yeguk in the Gangneung area? After conquering the Gangneung area, Silla attempted an indirect ruling at first. Later, Silla adopted a direct ruling system. I divided the indirect ruling period into two phases: introduction and settlement. In detail, Silla's earthenware and stone chamber tombs first appeared in Hasi-dong in the fourth quarter of the 4th Century and the tombs spread to Chodang-dong in the second quarter of the 5th Century. A belt with dragon pattern openwork, which seems to be from the second quarter of the 5th Century, was found to tell us that the Gangneung region began receiving rewards from Silla during this time. Thus, the period from the fourth quarter of the 4th Century to the second quarter of the 5th Century is designated as the 1st Phase (Introduction) of indirect ruling in terms of aechaeological findings. This is when Silla was first advanced to the Gangneung area and tolerated independent administration of the conquered. In the third and fourth quarters of the 5th Century, old mound tombs appeared and burials of relics that symbolized power emerged. In the third quarter of the 5th Century, stone chamber tombs were prevalent, but wooden chamber tombs, stone mounded wooden chamber tombs, and lateral entrance stone chamber tombs began to emerge. Also, tombs that were clustered in Hasi-dong and Chodang-dong began to scatter to Byeongsan-dong, Yeongjin-ri, and Bangnae-ri nearby. Steel pots were the symbol of power that emerged at this time. In the fourth quarter of the 5th Century, stone chamber tombs were still dominating, but wooden chamber tombs, stone mounded wooden chamber tombs, and lateral entrance stone chamber tombs became more popular. More crowns, crown ornaments, big daggers, and belts were bestowed by Silla, mostly in Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong. The period from the third quarter to the fourth quarter of the 5th Century was designated as the 2nd Phase (Settlement) of indirect ruling in terms of aechaeological findings. At this time, Silla bestowed items of power to the ruling class of the Gangneung area and gave equal power to the rulers of Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong to keep them restrained by each other. However, Silla converted the ruling system to direct ruling once it recognized the Gangneung area as the base of its expedition of conquest to the north. In the first quarter of the 6th Century, old mound tombs disappeared and small/medium-sized mounds appeared in the western inlands and the northern areas. In this period, the tunnel entrance stone chamber tombs were large enough for people to enter with doors. A cluster of several tunnel entrance stone chamber tombs was formed in Yeongjin-ri and Bangnae-ri at this time, probably with the influence of Silla's direct ruling. In the first quarter of the 6th Century, Silla dispatched officers from the central government to complete the local administration system and replaced the ruling class of Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong with that of Silla-friendly Yeonjin-ri and Bangnae-ri to reorganize the local administration system and gain full control of the Gangneung area.

본 고는 강릉지역에서 발굴조사된 고고자료를 검토하여 문헌기록과 비교하면서 신라가 강릉지역으로 진출하여 재지 세력을 지배해 나가는 과정에 대해 가설을 세워 본 것이다. 강릉지역의 고고학적 양상은 신라가 처음 이 지역을 복속하고 재지세력들에 침투하는 과정을 잘 보여주는데, 필자는 이 지역의 5~6세기 고고학적 특이양상에 대해 적극적인 해석을 시도하였다. 강릉지역은 신라 진출 이전 예국이라는 읍락국가가 존재하고 있었다. 신라는 4세기 4/4분기에 처음으로 강릉지역으로 진출하였으며, 기존의 예국을 복속한 후 지역 실정에 맞게 재지세력을 통치해 나갔다. 이에 대해 고고자료와 문헌기록을 비교검토해 본 결과, 신라가 강릉지역을 복속한 후 취한 지배정책은 간접지배와 직접지배의 2단계로 나누어 볼 수 있었다. 간접지배는 다시 초입기(I 단계)와 정착기(II 단계)로 구분하였는데, I 단계는 신라가 처음 강릉지역으로 진출한 시기로 신라는 재지세력의 자치를 그대로 허용하며 간접지배를 실시하였으며, 그 시기는 4세기 4/4분기부터 5세기 2/4분기로 보았다. 그리고 II단계는 신라가 강릉지역의 재지세력들에게 위세품을 하사하여 적극적인 정책을 펼치면서 동시에 신라 중앙에 의해 강릉지역 중심세력인 초당동과 병산동 세력에게 위세품을 분여하여 서로 견제를 하게 만들어 재지세력간 힘의 균형을 통제하였다. 그 시기는 5세기 3/4분기에서 5세기 4/4분기로 추정하였다. 그러나 신라는 강릉지역을 북진의 전초 기지로 인식하고 나서는 직접지배체제로 전환하기 시작한다. 즉, 신라 중앙에서 파견한 지방관을 상주시켜 지방제도를 확립하고 재지세력에 대한 재편과정을 거쳐 중심세력을 초당동 병산동 세력에서 신라와 친연성이 가장 강한 영진리 방내리 세력으로 교체하고 강릉지역을 완전 장악하기에 이른다. 그 시기를 6세기 1/4분기부터로 보았다.