• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the mixed buckwheat flour quality by observing antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects of mixed buckwheat flour extracts using Ames test and SRB (sulforhodamine B) assay. Samples were prepared to the ratio of 100% (B1), 90% (BF1), 80% (BF2), 70% (BF3) and 60% (BF4) (w/w) flour buckwheat based on wheat flour weight. The initial pasting temperature in an amylograph was increased according to the increase of the buckwheat flour. The water absorption in farinograph decreased with the addition of buckwheat flour. The inhibition rates of B1, BF3 and BF4 extract (160 g/plate) were 45%, 37.3% and 42% against the mutagenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium TA100 induced by MNNG $(0.4{\mu}g/plate)$, respectively. In addition, the B1 at the same concentration showed 64% and 44.3% inhibition on the mutagenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 induced by 4NQO $(0.15{\mu}g/plate)$, respectively. In SRB assay, human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF 7), human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B), human stomach adonocarcinoma (AGS), human lung carcinoma (A549) and human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) proliferations were inhibited by the increase in the sample concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 2003

We studied effects of hot water extract of Lentinus edodes (Berk.)sing. and Pleurotus eryngii (De Candolle ex Fries) Quel mushroom on proliferation and apoptosis of the human colon adenocarcinoma, HT-29 and Caco-2.. Cells were maintained with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/Ham's F-12 nutrient mixture supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37$^{\circ}C$ in a humidified $CO_2$. For cell proliferation experiments, cells were seeded in 35 mm dishes, treated with the various concentrations of the extract for the different time course. Apoptosis was measured by caspase-3 activity The more contents of the extract added in HT-29 and Caco-2 were, the more cell proliferation was suppressed. When we incubated HT-29 cells for 24, B\ulcorner72, and 96 hours after treatments, cell proliferation was markedly suppressed after 96 hours. Also, caspase-3 activity in HT-29 was increased by the treatment of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus eryngii extracts. However, the treatment of the extract to SNU484, Korean stomach adenocarcinoma, did not show any influence on cell proliferation and caspase-3 activity Therefore, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus eryngii are strongly recommended for the prevention and treatment of colon cancer.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was to observe whether the apoptotic function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) is induced in human gastric epithelial dysplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma according to the role of FasL expression. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 gastric epithelial dysplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma patients were enrolled in this study: 9 cases of gastric epithelial dysplasia, 18 cases of early gastric carcinomas (EGC) and 29 cases of advanced gastric carcinomas (AGC). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for FasL and CD45, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method was used to detect cell death in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Results: 1) Positive reactions of FasL to neoplastic cells were $88.9\%$ (8/9) in gastric epithelial dysplasia, $83.3\%$ (15/18) in EGC, and $75.9\%$ (22/29) in AGC. 2) Expression of TIL was decreased in the FasL positive region and was increased in the FasL negative region, and significant expression of TIL was observed in the AGC group (P=0.001). 3) Expression of apoptotic TIL was very similar to the FasL expression, and $100\%$ expression was observed in gastric epithelial dysplasia group. 4) Expression of apoptotic TIL was increased in the FasL positive region and decreased in the FasL negative region, and significant apoptotic expression was observed in the gastric epithelial dysplasia and EGC groups (P=0.0420, P=0.0263, respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest that FasL is a prevalent mediator of immune privilege in epithelial dysplasia and cancer of the stomach.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.6 s.93
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• pp.373-377
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• 1999

This study was designed to develop functional drink from jujube extract through a simple submerged culture of three basidiomycetes species. The optimum Brix and pH of the jujube extract for culturing the Ganoderma lucidum appeared to be 5 Brix and pH 4. Ten days of culture period produced maximum mycelium. The optimum Brix and pH of the jujube extract for culturing the Coriolus versicolor appeared to be 5 Brix and pH 5. Ten days of culture period produced maximum mycelium. The optimum Brix and pH of the jujube extract for culturing the Phellinus igniarius appeared to be 3 Brix and pH 5. For the maximum mycelial production eighteen days of culture period was required for Phellinus igniarius. The antitumor activity of the polysaccharides extracted from the fermented drinks was demonstrated through the tumor cell line experiments. The $IC_{50}$ values of the jujube drinks fermented with Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus igniarius against stomach cancer cell line appeared to be one fourth that of the jujube drink which was not fermented with basidiomycetes.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.710-718
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the effects of plum(Prunus salicina Lindl. cultivars 'Oishiwase', 'Formosa', and 'Soldam') extracts on the proliferation as well as inhibition of human epithelial cells(HaCaT), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa, SiHa, and C33A) cells, and human stomach adenocarcinoma(SNU 638) cells. Dried plum was sequentially extracted and fractionated by hexane(KC-01), chloroform(KC-02), ethyl acetate(KC-03), n-butanol(KC-04), water(KC-05), methanol(KC-6), and hot water extract(KC-07). The epithelial and cancer cells were exposed for 48 h to $50{\mu}g/mL$ of plum extract in vitro, and were then analysed by a sulforhodamin B(SRB) staining assay. The methanol extract(KCP-6) of 'Formosa' proliferated not only the HaCaT cells(147.3%), but also the cervical carcinoma C33A cells(167.8%). The ethyl acetate extract of 'Soldam'(KCJ-3) significantly reduced the proliferation rate of the HPV positive conical carcinoma cells, at 61.5% for the SiHa cells and 70.5% for the HeLa cells. In the C33A cells, which are HPV negative cervical carcinoma cells, the hexane fractions of 'Formosa'(KCP-1) and 'Oishiwase'(KCD-1) markedly suppressed proliferation activity at 20.4% and 61.7%, respectively. However, the proliferation rate of the normal epithelial cells(HaCaT cell) was not reduced the proliferation rate by KCJ-3, KCP-1, or KCD-1, There were no significant effects on proliferation of the stomach cancer cells(SNU 638) by any of the extracts or fractions of the plum cultivars. These results suggest that the anti-proliferative effects of the plum cultivars were selective to the cancer cell origin. In conclusion, we found that several plum cultivar extracts, especially, the ethyl acetate fraction of 'Soldam" and the hexane fraction of "Formosa', have anti-proliferative activity toward human cervical carcinoma cells. However, further investigation is needed to assess the molecular mechanisms that mediate the antiproliferation activities of the plum cultivars.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.162-167
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• 2010

Purpose: The incidence of lymph node metastasis has been reported to range from 2.6 to 4.8% in early stage gastric cancer with mucosal invasion (T1a cancer). Lymph node metastasis in early stage gastric cancer is known as an important predictive factor. We analyzed the prediction factors of lymph node metastasis in T1a cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 9,912 patients underwent radical gastrectomy due to gastric cancer from October 1994 to July 2006 in the Department Of Surgery at Samsung Medical Center. We did a retrospective analysis of 2,524 patients of these patients, ones for whom the cancer was confined within the mucosa. Results: Among the 2,524 patients, 57 (2.2%) were diagnosed with lymph node metastasis, and of these, cancer staging was as follows: 41 were N1, 8 were N2, and 8 were N3a. Univariate analysis of clinicopathological factors showed that the following factors were significant predictors of metastasis: tumor size larger than 4 cm, the presence of middle and lower stomach cancer, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and signet-ring cell carcinoma, diffuse type cancer (by the Lauren classification), and lymphatic invasion. Multivariate analysis showed that lymphatic invasion and tumor larger than 4 cm were significant factors with P<0.001 and P=0.024, respectively. Conclusions: The frequency of lymph node metastasis is extremely low in early gastric cancer with mucosal invasion. However, when lymphatic invasion is present or the tumor is larger than 4 cm, there is a greater likelihood of lymph node metastasis. In such cases, surgical treatments should be done to prevent disease recurrence.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.121-131
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• 2019

Purpose: The significance of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in gastric carcinoma (GC) is controversial, leading to ambiguous concepts in traditional classifications. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold of meaningful NED in GC and clarify its unclear features in existing classifications. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neural cell adhesion molecule was performed for 945 GC specimens. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test and univariate/multivariate models with percentages of NED ($P_{NED}$) and demographic and clinicopathological parameters. Results: In total, 275 (29.1%) cases were immunoreactive to at least 1 neuroendocrine (NE) marker. GC-NED was more common in the upper third of the stomach. $P_{NED}$, and Borrmann's classification and tumor, lymph node, metastasis stages were independent prognostic factors. The cutoff $P_{NED}$ was 10%, beyond which patients had significantly worse outcomes, although the risk did not increase with higher $P_{NED}$. Tumors with ${\geq}10%$ NED tended to manifest as Borrmann type III lesion with mixed/diffuse morphology and poorer histological differentiation; the NE components in this population mainly grew in insulae/nests, which differed from the predominant growth pattern (glandular/acinar) in GC with <10% NED. Conclusions: GC with ${\geq}10%$ NED should be classified as a distinct subtype because of its worse prognosis, and more attention should be paid to the necessity of additional therapeutics for NE components.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2018

Background: In Korea, stomach cancer is the second most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. the time of diagnosis is very important for treatment so early detection and surgery are currently considered the mainstay of treatment, when diagnosed advanced with tumor extension through the gastric wall and direct extension into other organs, with metastatic involvement. Recently, new drugs, drug combinations, and multimodal approaches have been used to treat this disease and In cancers over expressing or amplifying HER2, the combination of cisplatin-fluoropyrimidine-trastuzumab is considered to be the treatment of reference. but At present, the choice of treatment schedule for HER2-negative tumors is based on the medical institution's preferences and adverse effects profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using FOLFOX regimen as a first-line therapy or a salvage therapy in the patients with HER2-negative advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Methods: We retrospective reviewed the patient medical record from March 2012 to July 2017. This study evaluated 113 patients. Sixty-eight patients were treated with the FOLFOX regimen for the first time (first-line group) and 45 patients were treated with the FOLFOX regimen as a second (35 patients) or third (10 patients) chemotherapy (salvage group). Results: In the first-line group, the response rate was 54.9%. In the salvage therapy group, the response rate was 24.4% and The difference was statistically significant (p=0.205). The median TTP of the first-line group was 10.7 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 7.8-13.7 months) and that of salvage line group was 6.1 months (95% CI, 3.8-8.4 months). The median OS of the first-line group was 15.8 months (95% CI, 12.7-18.9 months) and that of the salvage therapy group was 10.2 months (95% CI, 8.2-11.9 months). drug toxicity was similar andtolerable between two groups. Conclusion: In patients with unresctable metastatic gastric cancer, after failing to respond to first-line therapy, most patients have no alternative other than second-line therapy because the disease is highly progressive. if the performance status of the patient is good enough to be eligible to treatments beyond best supportive care. FOLFOX regimen can be a considerable therapeutic option for salvage treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.199-203
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• 2015

An 8-year old intact female poodle was presented to clinics due to abdominal distension, anorexia, and labored breath associated with pleural effusion. Intra-operative findings revealed multiple neoplasm of the greater omentum, involving anterolateral abdominal wall, sterna surface in the pleural cavity and diaphragm. These masses were 0.1~0.5 cm in diameter and extended to ovaries, pancreas, and serosal surface of stomach. Microscopically, most neoplastic cells had oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. In deeper area, neoplastic acinus or glandular structures showed invaginated growth resembling adenocarcinoma. High mitotic figures were observed. By immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells were strong positive both cytokeratin and vimentin. The present case described for malignant mesothelioma in a dog. Our findings might be helpful for diagnosis and information and helped the clinics choose the treatment including chemotherapy such as cisplatin.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2020

Although microscopic analysis of tissue slides has been the basis for disease diagnosis for decades, intra- and inter-observer variabilities remain issues to be resolved. The recent introduction of digital scanners has allowed for using deep learning in the analysis of tissue images because many whole slide images (WSIs) are accessible to researchers. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of a deep learning-based, fully automated, computer-aided diagnosis system with WSIs from a stomach adenocarcinoma dataset. Three different convolutional neural network architectures were tested to determine the better architecture for tissue classifier. Each network was trained to classify small tissue patches into normal or tumor. Based on the patch-level classification, tumor probability heatmaps can be overlaid on tissue images. We observed three different tissue patterns, including clear normal, clear tumor and ambiguous cases. We suggest that longer inspection time can be assigned to ambiguous cases compared to clear normal cases, increasing the accuracy and efficiency of histopathologic diagnosis by pre-evaluating the status of the WSIs. When the classifier was tested with completely different WSI dataset, the performance was not optimal because of the different tissue preparation quality. By including a small amount of data from the new dataset for training, the performance for the new dataset was much enhanced. These results indicated that WSI dataset should include tissues prepared from many different preparation conditions to construct a generalized tissue classifier. Thus, multi-national/multi-center dataset should be built for the application of deep learning in the real world medical practice.