• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2002

Thanks to recent progress in availability of molecular and functional techniques it became possible to search for the basic molecular and cellular processes that mediate and control $HCO_3{^-}$ and fluid secretion by the pancreatic duct. The coordinated action of various transporters on the luminal and basolateral membranes of polarized epithelial cells mediates the transepithelial $HCO_3{^-}$ transport, which involves $HCO_3{^-}$ absorption in the resting state and $HCO_3{^-}$ secretion in the stimulated state. The overall process of HCO3 secretion can be divided into two steps. First, $HCO_3{^-}$ in the blood enters the ductal epithelial cells across the basolateral membrane either by simple diffusion in the forms of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ or by the action of an $Na^+-coupled$ transporter, a $Na^+-HCO_3$ cotranporter (NBC) identified as pNBC1. Subsequently, the cells secrete $HCO_3{^-}$ to the luminal space using at least two $HCO_3{^-}$ exit mechanisms at the luminal membrane. One of the critical transporters needed for all forms of $HCO_3{^-}$ secretion across the luminal membrane is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). In the resting state the pancreatic duct, and probably other $HCO_3{^-}$ secretory epithelia, absorb $HCO_3{^-}.$ Interestingly, CFTR also control this mechanism. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding epithelial $HCO_3{^-}$ transport, in particular the nature of the luminal transporters and their regulation by CFTR.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.143-156
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• 1974

The purpose of this experiment was to study one side of germination physiology based on that protein profiles and protease relating to protein metabolism, that peroxidase, catalase, $\alpha$-amylase, $\beta$-amylase, and malate dehydrogenase involved in the carbohydrate metabolism of seed germination. All these experiments were divided into the two groups with and without acetone treatment, and were carried out. The protein bands of each germinating stage between the groups treated with and without acetone showed certain basic pattern in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. However, there was a little difference in the number of protein band, optical density, and migration velocity between two groups. The isozyme bands of peroxidase, and catalase between two groups in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis did not show the numeral difference, but the optical density of certain germinating stage treated with acetone was higher than the group untreated with it and it showed their enzyme activity. The $\alpha$-amylase and $\beta$-amylase activities which involved in starch metabolism of seed germination were higher in the treated group than the other. On one hand, the protease activity of hydrolase occurred in the seeds for germination was also higher, more or less in the treated group than in the other. The isozyme band pattern of malate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle of energy metabolism pathway was very different between two groups growing for 72 hours with and without acetone treatment in cellulose acetate electrophoresis. It indicated that two isozyme bands of malate dehydrogenase was high. Consequently these experimental results mentioned above indicated that acetone treatment before sowing had an effect on dissolving certain complexed lipid substance involved in the seed coats, the activity of carbohydrate hydrolase increased with water absorption which was most comfortable in its germination, dissolved glycerin and fatty acid became certain energy source, and they stimulated the acceleration of respiration metabolism.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 1968

The effects of x-irradiation on the utilization of glucose, succinate, citrate and $\\alpha$-ketoglutarate, on the response of the cell metabolism to $NaN_3$ and DNP, and on the uptake of lysine in the presence or absence of the metabolitesor the inhibitors were studied using HeLa cells and the results are summarized as follows: 1. 200r of x-irradiation had no immediate effect on the oxygen consumption of cells. 2. The oxygen consumption was greatly stimulated by succinate, $\\alpha$-ketoglutarate and citraed and in decreasing order and x-irradiation caused no remarkable change in this order. 3. The respiratory response of the cell to the metabolic inhibitors seems to be altered by x-irradiation. 4. The initial rate of the uptake of lysine was markedly retarded and the accumulation of lysine in the cell was decreased by irradiation. 5. Glucose increased the lysine uptake whereas succinate had no effect and citrate and $\\alpha$-ketoglutarate reduced the absorption. X-irradiation did not alter this tendency. 6. The inhibitory effects of $NaN_3$ and DNP on the lysine uptake were quite different from those seen in the oxygen consumption.

• ALGAE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.343-350
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• 2011

Fermentation and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improve nutritional and functional properties of foods by increasing the extraction of active compounds, ingestion rates, and body absorption. In this study, we investigated whether applying the EAE process improves the extraction and isolation efficiency of a polysaccharide from fermented Ecklonia cava (FE), which inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the FE using the fungi Candida utilis and two different bacteria, namely Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased protein and carbohydrate contents in comparison with those in non-fermented E. cava (NE). Aqueous extracts of fermented E. cava increased extraction yields and carbohydrate content, compared with the aqueous extract of NE. In addition, treating LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with aqueous extracts resulted in reduced NO production compared to that in LPS-treated cells. Ten EAEs of L. brevis-fermented E. cava (LFE) improved NO inhibitory effects in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells and the Viscozyme extract (VLFE) from the resulting extracts showed the highest NO inhibitory effect. We found that the >30 kDa fraction of VLFE led to markedly high inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as compared to that in the <30 kDa fraction. The crude polysaccharide isolated from >30 kDa fraction (VLFEP) consisted of fucose and markedly decreased NO production induced by LPS stimulation. VLFEP could be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent to suppress macrophage activation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1583-1587
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• 2015

Bile acids are endogenous metabolites that aid in the digestion and absorption of ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins. However, high concentrations of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in the colon are associated with high incidence of colorectal cancer. In the present study, the binding of persimmon extracts to DCA in order to decrease inflammatory stress induced by DCA in a small intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, was investigated. Young and ripened persimmons were extracted with distilled water (DW), ethanol, and acidic ethanol. Further, DW extract residue was re-extracted with acidic ethanol. Of the obtained extracts, acidic ethanol extract of young persimmon showed the highest bile-acid binding capacity. Moreover, acidic ethanol extract of young persimmon significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in Caco-2 cells stimulated with DCA and prevented significant reduction of trans-epithelial electric resistance. Based on these results, acidic ethanol extract of young persimmon can be used as a functional ingredient to enhance gastrointestinal health.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.209-235
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• 2006

Since the end of the cold war, technical tie-up between private corporations and an army in developed countries has increased a lot, and the trend is spreading through developing countries rapidly. To cope with the circumstance actively, the dual use technology program for both private corporations and an army was begun in Korea in 1998. With the program, overlapping investment was resolved and technology transfer was stimulated. And the standardization and information exchange saved considerable national budget and made possible economic profit. Yet, the combination project of 4 ministries and offices showed problems such as loose cooperation and, low industralization record. However, developed countries are out of the mere stage of dual technology development and turn into broad technical tie-up including future prediction, national competitiveness improvement, and the private company's leading participation and they are systemizing them very fast. Korea also set up the national defense reform plan with the blueprint of future military force improvement, budget increase for national defense research, and increased participation of private corporations, and created Defense Acquisition program Administration to support them. The innovation of national defense system brings forward the need to link the private and military innovation. Korea has pursued the fast growth through assimilation, absorption, and improvement of foreign technology. But now, Korea has to focus on self innovation, original technology, parts and material. As this applies to private companies and military equally, it is important to concentrate limited resources for the effective technology cooperation. Considering this, the strategies to activate the dual use technology are program concept and range extension, task-deduction way improvement and future-oriented common task deduction, and promotion system improvement.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2012

Baicalin, a main constituent of the rhizome of Scutellaria baicalensis, is metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A in the intestine before its absorption. To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the pharmacological activities of baicalin, we investigated its anti-inflammatory effect in mice treated with and without antibiotics. Orally administered baicalin showed the anti-inflammatory effect in mice than intraperitoneally treated one, apart from intraperitoneally administered its metabolites, baicalein and oroxylin A, which potently inhibited LPS-induced inflammation. Of these metabolites, oroxylin A showed more potent anti-inflammatory effect. However, treatment with the mixture of cefadroxil, oxytetracycline and erythromycin (COE) significantly attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of orally administered baicalin in mice. Treatment with COE also reduced intestinal bacterial fecal ${\beta}$-glucuronidase activity. The metabolic activity of human stools is significantly different between individuals, but neither between ages nor between male and female. Baicalin was metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A, with metabolic activities of $1.427{\pm}0.818$ and $1.025{\pm}0.603$ pmol/min/mg wet weight, respectively. Baicalin and its metabolites also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, and the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$B in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Of them, oroxylin A showed the most potent inhibition. Based on these findings, baicalin may be metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A by intestinal microflora, which enhance its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 1999

Although it has been reported that hormones or chemicals, which increase in intracellular cAMP, produced $Mg^{2+}$ release from the heart, it is not well characterized whether a specific $Mg^{2+}$ exchanger is involved in cAMP-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux in the mammalian hearts. In this work, we studied the relationship between the increase in intracellular cAMP and ion transport system on $Mg^{2+}$ regulation in the perfused rat heart and isolated myocytes. The $Mg^{2+}$ content in the perfusate and supernatant were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The addition of membrane permeable cAMP analogue to the perfused hearts and myocytes induced a $Mg^{2+}$ efflux in the dose dependent manners. $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was stimulated by cAMP modulators (forskolin, IBMX and Ro20-1724) in the perfused hearts and myocytes. cAMP-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was inhibited by $H_7$, benzamil or imipramine in the perfused hearts and myocytes, but not by EIPA. We confirmed that a significant $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was induced by an increase in intracellular cAMP in the hearts and myocytes. The cAMP-induced increase of $Mg^{2+}$ efflux in the hearts may be involved in ion transport system ($Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+-Mg^{2+}$ exchanger).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2014

To better understand dissimilatory iron and sulfate reduction (DIR and DSR) by subsurface microorganisms, we investigated the effects of sulfate and electron donors on the microbial goethite (${\alpha}$-FeOOH) reduction. Batch systems were created 1) with acetate or glucose (donor), 2) with goethite and sulfate (acceptor), and 3) with aquifer sediment (microbial source). With 0.2 mM sulfate, goethite reduction coupled with acetate oxidation was limited. However, with 10 mM sulfate, 8 mM goethite reduction occurred with complete sulfate reduction and x-ray absorption fine-structure analysis indicated the formation of iron sulfide. This suggests that goethite reduction was due to the sulfide species produced by DSR bacteria rather than direct microbial reaction by DIR bacteria. Both acetate and glucose promoted goethite reduction. The rate of goethite reduction was faster with glucose, while the extent of goethite reduction was higher with acetate. Sulfate reduction (10 mM) occurred only with acetate. The results suggest that glucose-fermenting bacteria rapidly stimulated goethite reduction, but acetate-oxidizing DSR bacteria reduced goethite indirectly by producing sulfides. This study suggests that the availability of specific electron donor and sulfate significantly influence microbial community activities as well as goethite transformation, which should be considered for the bioremediation of contaminated environments.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 1984

Pot and laboratory tests were undertaken to investigate the influence of silicate fertilization on butachlor phytotoxicity to rice. Growth of rice seedlings at 150 ppm of $SiO_2$ was stimulated, while adverse effect was observed over 300 ppm of $SiO_2$ and growth reduction was enhanced with combination of butachlor and $SiO_2$ Rice growth in pot trial at 150kg/10a of silicate fertilization was not influenced by recommended amounts of butachlor and nitrofen, however, the growth of Seokwang byeo at 300kg/10a of silicate was markedly retarded by butachlor in the initial stage of growth. Growth reduction of Seokwang byeo caused by combined application of silicate and butachlor was recovered 50 days after herbicide application. Growth reduction from butachlor was not influenced by pH level and also degradation behaviors of butachlor in submerged soil was not altered by silicate fertilization. Adsorbed amount of butachlor on rice root was increased with addition of $SiO_2$ and its amount in Seokwang byeo was higher than that of Jinju byeo. Butachlor absorption by Seokwang byeo was accelerated by 150 ppm of $SiO_2$ applied simultaneously, but those effect was not encountered in Jinju byeo. Butachlor absorption of rice seedlings was also increased by 150 ppm of $K_2O$, while CaO hindered the absorption and $Na_2O$ had no effect on the absorption. Residual level of butachlor in Seokwang byeo treated with combined solution of butachlor and $SiO_2$ was continued higher than that with butachlor alone during 10 days after transplantation to culture solution.