• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2002

Thanks to recent progress in availability of molecular and functional techniques it became possible to search for the basic molecular and cellular processes that mediate and control $HCO_3{^-}$ and fluid secretion by the pancreatic duct. The coordinated action of various transporters on the luminal and basolateral membranes of polarized epithelial cells mediates the transepithelial $HCO_3{^-}$ transport, which involves $HCO_3{^-}$ absorption in the resting state and $HCO_3{^-}$ secretion in the stimulated state. The overall process of HCO3 secretion can be divided into two steps. First, $HCO_3{^-}$ in the blood enters the ductal epithelial cells across the basolateral membrane either by simple diffusion in the forms of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ or by the action of an $Na^+-coupled$ transporter, a $Na^+-HCO_3$ cotranporter (NBC) identified as pNBC1. Subsequently, the cells secrete $HCO_3{^-}$ to the luminal space using at least two $HCO_3{^-}$ exit mechanisms at the luminal membrane. One of the critical transporters needed for all forms of $HCO_3{^-}$ secretion across the luminal membrane is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). In the resting state the pancreatic duct, and probably other $HCO_3{^-}$ secretory epithelia, absorb $HCO_3{^-}.$ Interestingly, CFTR also control this mechanism. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding epithelial $HCO_3{^-}$ transport, in particular the nature of the luminal transporters and their regulation by CFTR.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.143-156
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• 1974

The purpose of this experiment was to study one side of germination physiology based on that protein profiles and protease relating to protein metabolism, that peroxidase, catalase, $\alpha$-amylase, $\beta$-amylase, and malate dehydrogenase involved in the carbohydrate metabolism of seed germination. All these experiments were divided into the two groups with and without acetone treatment, and were carried out. The protein bands of each germinating stage between the groups treated with and without acetone showed certain basic pattern in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. However, there was a little difference in the number of protein band, optical density, and migration velocity between two groups. The isozyme bands of peroxidase, and catalase between two groups in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis did not show the numeral difference, but the optical density of certain germinating stage treated with acetone was higher than the group untreated with it and it showed their enzyme activity. The $\alpha$-amylase and $\beta$-amylase activities which involved in starch metabolism of seed germination were higher in the treated group than the other. On one hand, the protease activity of hydrolase occurred in the seeds for germination was also higher, more or less in the treated group than in the other. The isozyme band pattern of malate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle of energy metabolism pathway was very different between two groups growing for 72 hours with and without acetone treatment in cellulose acetate electrophoresis. It indicated that two isozyme bands of malate dehydrogenase was high. Consequently these experimental results mentioned above indicated that acetone treatment before sowing had an effect on dissolving certain complexed lipid substance involved in the seed coats, the activity of carbohydrate hydrolase increased with water absorption which was most comfortable in its germination, dissolved glycerin and fatty acid became certain energy source, and they stimulated the acceleration of respiration metabolism.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.75-82
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• 1968

培養 HeLa 細胞의 酸素消費量과 Lysine 吸收에 미치는 X-線 照射의 영향을 측정하였다. 1. 200r의 X-線 照射는 酸素消費量에 아무러한 영향이 없다. 酸素消費量은 succinate, citrate, 및 $\\alpha$-ketoglutarate에 의하여 增大되며 X-線 照射群에서도 이 傾向은 同一하다. 2. 酸素消費量에 미치는 sodium azide 와 2,4-dinitrophenol 의 영향은 X-線 照射에 의하여 상당히 변화된다. 3. Lysine의 初期吸收率은 X-線 照射에 의하여 甚히 低下되며, 또한 飽和吸收量도 減少된다. 4. Glucose는 lysine의 吸收를 促進시키고, succinate는 아무러한 영향이 없으며 citrate와 $\\alpha$-ketoglutarate는 억제한다. X-線 照射는 이러한 傾向에 아무런 변화를 초래하지 않는다. 5. Lysine의 吸收에 미치는 sodium azide와 2,4-dinitrophenol의 영향은 酸素消費量에 미치는 이들의 영향과 判異하다. 이러한 傾向은 X-線 照射群에서도 대체로 동일하다.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2011

Fermentation and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improve nutritional and functional properties of foods by increasing the extraction of active compounds, ingestion rates, and body absorption. In this study, we investigated whether applying the EAE process improves the extraction and isolation efficiency of a polysaccharide from fermented Ecklonia cava (FE), which inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the FE using the fungi Candida utilis and two different bacteria, namely Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased protein and carbohydrate contents in comparison with those in non-fermented E. cava (NE). Aqueous extracts of fermented E. cava increased extraction yields and carbohydrate content, compared with the aqueous extract of NE. In addition, treating LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with aqueous extracts resulted in reduced NO production compared to that in LPS-treated cells. Ten EAEs of L. brevis-fermented E. cava (LFE) improved NO inhibitory effects in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells and the Viscozyme extract (VLFE) from the resulting extracts showed the highest NO inhibitory effect. We found that the >30 kDa fraction of VLFE led to markedly high inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as compared to that in the <30 kDa fraction. The crude polysaccharide isolated from >30 kDa fraction (VLFEP) consisted of fucose and markedly decreased NO production induced by LPS stimulation. VLFEP could be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent to suppress macrophage activation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.1583-1587
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 어린감과 성숙감의 탄닌 함량 및 담즙산과의 결합능력을 비교 조사하였다. 또한 사람의 장내 세포인 Caco-2 cell에 어린감과 성숙감 추출물을 처리한 후 고농도의 DCA로 자극시켜 생성되는 NO의 수준과 TEER의 차이를 확인하였다. 탄닌 함량과 담즙산의 결합능력은 성숙감에 비해 어린감에서 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며 어린감 산성 에탄올 추출물에서 유의적으로 가장 높은 탄닌 함량 및 담즙산 결합능력을 보였다. NO 생성 억제능으로 확인한 염증반응에서도 어린감 산성 에탄올 추출물이 유의적으로 가장 높은 효과를 보였으며 DCA에 의해 유도된 장세포 간극의 느슨함을 유의하게 막아줄 수 있음이 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 어린감의 산성 에탄올 추출물은 고지방 식사를 통해 고농도로 축적되는 담즙산에 의해 형성된 유해한 장내 환경을 건강하게 유지시켜줄 수 있는 기능성 소재로 개발할 가능성이 있음이 확인되었다.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.209-235
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• 2006

Since the end of the cold war, technical tie-up between private corporations and an army in developed countries has increased a lot, and the trend is spreading through developing countries rapidly. To cope with the circumstance actively, the dual use technology program for both private corporations and an army was begun in Korea in 1998. With the program, overlapping investment was resolved and technology transfer was stimulated. And the standardization and information exchange saved considerable national budget and made possible economic profit. Yet, the combination project of 4 ministries and offices showed problems such as loose cooperation and, low industralization record. However, developed countries are out of the mere stage of dual technology development and turn into broad technical tie-up including future prediction, national competitiveness improvement, and the private company's leading participation and they are systemizing them very fast. Korea also set up the national defense reform plan with the blueprint of future military force improvement, budget increase for national defense research, and increased participation of private corporations, and created Defense Acquisition program Administration to support them. The innovation of national defense system brings forward the need to link the private and military innovation. Korea has pursued the fast growth through assimilation, absorption, and improvement of foreign technology. But now, Korea has to focus on self innovation, original technology, parts and material. As this applies to private companies and military equally, it is important to concentrate limited resources for the effective technology cooperation. Considering this, the strategies to activate the dual use technology are program concept and range extension, task-deduction way improvement and future-oriented common task deduction, and promotion system improvement.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2012

Baicalin, a main constituent of the rhizome of Scutellaria baicalensis, is metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A in the intestine before its absorption. To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the pharmacological activities of baicalin, we investigated its anti-inflammatory effect in mice treated with and without antibiotics. Orally administered baicalin showed the anti-inflammatory effect in mice than intraperitoneally treated one, apart from intraperitoneally administered its metabolites, baicalein and oroxylin A, which potently inhibited LPS-induced inflammation. Of these metabolites, oroxylin A showed more potent anti-inflammatory effect. However, treatment with the mixture of cefadroxil, oxytetracycline and erythromycin (COE) significantly attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of orally administered baicalin in mice. Treatment with COE also reduced intestinal bacterial fecal ${\beta}$-glucuronidase activity. The metabolic activity of human stools is significantly different between individuals, but neither between ages nor between male and female. Baicalin was metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A, with metabolic activities of $1.427{\pm}0.818$ and $1.025{\pm}0.603$ pmol/min/mg wet weight, respectively. Baicalin and its metabolites also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, and the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$B in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Of them, oroxylin A showed the most potent inhibition. Based on these findings, baicalin may be metabolized to baicalein and oroxylin A by intestinal microflora, which enhance its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 1999

Although it has been reported that hormones or chemicals, which increase in intracellular cAMP, produced $Mg^{2+}$ release from the heart, it is not well characterized whether a specific $Mg^{2+}$ exchanger is involved in cAMP-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux in the mammalian hearts. In this work, we studied the relationship between the increase in intracellular cAMP and ion transport system on $Mg^{2+}$ regulation in the perfused rat heart and isolated myocytes. The $Mg^{2+}$ content in the perfusate and supernatant were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The addition of membrane permeable cAMP analogue to the perfused hearts and myocytes induced a $Mg^{2+}$ efflux in the dose dependent manners. $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was stimulated by cAMP modulators (forskolin, IBMX and Ro20-1724) in the perfused hearts and myocytes. cAMP-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was inhibited by $H_7$, benzamil or imipramine in the perfused hearts and myocytes, but not by EIPA. We confirmed that a significant $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was induced by an increase in intracellular cAMP in the hearts and myocytes. The cAMP-induced increase of $Mg^{2+}$ efflux in the hearts may be involved in ion transport system ($Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+-Mg^{2+}$ exchanger).

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2014

To better understand dissimilatory iron and sulfate reduction (DIR and DSR) by subsurface microorganisms, we investigated the effects of sulfate and electron donors on the microbial goethite (${\alpha}$-FeOOH) reduction. Batch systems were created 1) with acetate or glucose (donor), 2) with goethite and sulfate (acceptor), and 3) with aquifer sediment (microbial source). With 0.2 mM sulfate, goethite reduction coupled with acetate oxidation was limited. However, with 10 mM sulfate, 8 mM goethite reduction occurred with complete sulfate reduction and x-ray absorption fine-structure analysis indicated the formation of iron sulfide. This suggests that goethite reduction was due to the sulfide species produced by DSR bacteria rather than direct microbial reaction by DIR bacteria. Both acetate and glucose promoted goethite reduction. The rate of goethite reduction was faster with glucose, while the extent of goethite reduction was higher with acetate. Sulfate reduction (10 mM) occurred only with acetate. The results suggest that glucose-fermenting bacteria rapidly stimulated goethite reduction, but acetate-oxidizing DSR bacteria reduced goethite indirectly by producing sulfides. This study suggests that the availability of specific electron donor and sulfate significantly influence microbial community activities as well as goethite transformation, which should be considered for the bioremediation of contaminated environments.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 1984

수도작(水稻作)에 있어 토양비옥도(土壤肥沃度) 증진(增進) 및 생산성(生産性) 증대(增大)에 필수적(必須的)인 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料)의 시용(施用)과 butachlor의 수도(水稻)에 대(對)한 상호작용(相互作用)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 진주(眞珠)벼(Japonica 型)와 서광(曙光)벼 (Japonica ${\times}$ Indica 형(型))를 대상(對象)으로 실내(室內) 및 pot 시험(試驗)을 통(通)하여 생물(生物), 화학적(化學的)으로 검토(檢討)한 바 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. $SiO_2$ 150ppm에서 수도유묘(水稻幼苗)의 생장(生長)을 촉진(促進)하였으나 300ppm이상(以上)에서는 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있었으나 butacholor의 수도생장저해작용(水稻生長沮害作用)을 증대(增大)시켰다. 2. 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料) 150kg/10a 시용수준(施用水準)의 pot 시험(試驗)에서 butachlor의 nitrofen에 의(依)한 수도생육(水稻生育)은 영향(影響)을 받지 않았으나 300kg/10a에서는 butacholr가 표준약량(標準藥量)에서 서광(曙光)벼의 초기생육(初期生育)을 현저(顯著)히 저지(沮止)하였다. 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料)와 butachlor에 의(依)한 수도생육억제(水稻生育抑制)는 약제처리(藥劑處理) 50 일후(日後)에 완전(完全)히 회복(回復)되었다. 3. 규산질비료시용(珪酸質肥料施用)에 의(依)한 토양(土壤)의 butachlor 흡차이(吸差異)은 변화(變化)가 없었으나 토양산도(土壤酸度)는 다소(多少) 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料)의 시용(施用)은 담수토양중(湛水土壤中) butachlor의 분해(分解)에 영향(影響)이 없었으나 $SiO_2$ 처리(處理)로 수도근부(水稻根部)에의 제초제(除草劑) 부착량(附着量)은 증가(增加)하였다. 5. 수도체내(水稻體內) butachlor의 흡수량(吸收量)은 $SiO_2$의 첨가(添加)로 서광(曙光)벼에서 증진(增進)되었으며 흡수량(吸收量)의 대부분(大部分)은 근부(根部)에 존재(存在)하였다. 6. 치환성(置換性) 염기(鹽基)에 의(衣)한 butachlor의 수도체내흡수(水稻體內吸收)는 $K_2O$가 촉진효과(促進效果)를 나타낸 반면(反面) $Na_2O$는 영향(影響)이 없었고 CaO는 감소(減少)시키는 경향(傾向)이었다. 7. $SiO_2$에 의(依)하여 수도체내(水稻體內)에 흡수(吸收)된 butachlor의 분해양상(分解樣相)은 무처리(無處理)와 차이(差異)가 없었고 진주(眞珠)벼보다 서광(曙光)벼에서 높게 유지(維持)되었다.