• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2000

Spectroradiometric light transmittance from 300 to 1,100nm in the greenhouse covered with the CEM BIO polyethylene film was greater than that in the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film (control). As a whole, solar radiation transmittance into greenhouse was a half level, due to shades caused by double layer covering, frame and equipment. Net radiation energy emitted throughout surface of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 5,424.5W.m$^{-2}$ , which was lower by 2.9% as compared to that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film. Photosynthetically active radiation from 400 to 700nm of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 3,861.2W.m$^{-2}$ , which was higher by 3.8% as compared to hat of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film. Accumulated minimum air temperature from Oct. 7, 1997 to Oct. 16, 1997 of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 100.5$^{\circ}C$, which was higher by 2.5$^{\circ}C$ as compared to that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film. As results, height, stem diameter, leaf count, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of green pepper plants and canopy production structure measured at 30 days after transplanting were enhanced. Mean fruit weight n the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 11.28 g and 1.25 g greater as compared to that in the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film, due to increased fruit diameter and flesh thickness. Percent marketable fruits produced in the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film were 96.1%, and was greater by 2.7% thant that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylnee film due to decreased infection, sterility, severe curve and twisted fruits. The green pepper yield of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film from Nov. 19, 1997 to Feb. 3, 1998 was greater by 974 kg per hectare than that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film, but the total fruit had no difference.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.179-189
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• 1984

Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen von Ribes nigrum L. var. 'Rosenthals Langtraubige Schwarze' zwischen $prim\"{a}rem$ und $sekund\"{a}rem$ Jugendstadium (P.J. und S.J.) eine vertiefte Einsicht in die beiden zeitlich unterschielich langen $Entwicklungsabl\"{a}ufe$ zu bekommen und auf diese Weise bessere Ansatzpunke $f\"{u}r$ die Regulierung der $Bl\"{u}tc-nknospeninduktion$ zu gewinnen, war das Ziel vorliegenden Untersuchungen. Diese Untersuchungen $f\"{u}hrten$ zu den flogenden Ergebnissen: Die Dauer der Jugendphase von Ribes nigrum L. betrug bei den P.J.-Pflanzen ca. 7 Monate, bei den S.J.-Pflanzen ca. 5 Monate. Die $Bl\"{u}hreife$-(Ripeness to flower)-setzte bei den P.J.-Pflanzen erst beim 20. Nodium ein, bei den S.J.-Pflanzen bereits beim 5. Nodium. Das $f\"{u}hrte$ dazu, da${\beta}$ bei gleicher Nodienzahl die P.J.-Pflanzen weniger $Bl\"{u}te-nknospen$ angesetzt hatten als die S.J.-Pflanzen. Die erste $Bl\"{u}tenknospendifferenzierung$ setzte bei den P.J.-Pflanzen in der oberen Triebmitte etwa am 30. Nodium ein, beiden S.J.-Pflanzen bereits in der unteren Tricbmitte etwa am 20. Nodium. Bie den P.J.-Pflanzen waren die untersten 20. Nodien immer steril, $w\"{a}hrend$ bei den S.J.-Pflanzen $h\"{a}uflgsten$ an dem ersten Nodium $\"{u}ber$ der Basis fertil waren. In allen Versuchen hat sich gezeigt, da${\beta}$ der Wachstumsabschlu${\beta}$ -(Bildung einer Terminal Knospe)-, der bei Ribes nigrum L. durch Kurztag eingeleitet wird, bei den P.J.-Pflanzen langsammer als bei den S.J.-Pflanzen erfolgt. Dies $f\"{u}hrt$ dazu, da${\beta}$ die Pflanzen der $sekund\"{a}ren$ Jugendphase auf die photokybernetischen Stimulation empfindlicher reagieren als die der $prim\"{a}ren$ Jugendphase. Alle untersuchten Versuchsdaten $f\"{u}hren$ zu dem Schlu${\beta}$, da${\beta}$ die Wurzelgibberelline $(GA_n)$ keinen Einflu${\beta}$ auf die $Jugendsterilit\"{a}t$ ($Basissterilit\"{a}t$) haben. Aus den Untersuchungen geht hervor, da${\beta}$ die induktive Ma${\beta}$nahme zur Beschleunigung der $Bl\"{u}tenknospenbildung$ $f\"{u}r$ eine $Z\"{u}chtungsselektion$ erst dann eingesetzt werden sollen, wenn die P.J.-Pflanzen mehr als 20 Nodien ausgebildet haben.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.649-653
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• 2009

"Cheongan" is a new japonica rice variety developed from a cross between SR15225-B-22-1-2-1 and Iksan431 in summer season, 1997 by National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. The line SR15225-B-22-1-2-1 has good canopy architecture and multi-disease and insect resistance, and Iksan431 has translucent milled rice and good eating-quality. Heading date of Cheongan is August 13 in central lowland and mid-mountainous areas. "Cheongan" having culm length of 84 cm shows relatively semi-erect pubescent leaf blade and rigid culm, tolerance to lodging with and good canopy architecture. This variety has 14 tillers per hill and 126 spikelets per panicle. It shows tolerance to heading delay and spikelet sterility comparable to Hwaseongbyeo when exposed to cold stress. Leaf senescence of Cheongan progresses slowly during the ripening stage and the viviparous germination ratio was 59 %, similar to that of Hwaseongbyo. "Cheongan" shows moderately resistance to blast disease, but susceptible to stripe virus and brown planthopper. The milled rice of "Cheongan" exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It shows similar amylose content of 18.7%, gelatinization temperature, and similar palatability of cooked rice compared to Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield of this cultivar is about 5.54 MT/ha at ordinary season culture in local adaptability test for three years. Especially, "Cheongan" has better milling properties of higher 98.4% and 73.9% in the percentage of head rice in milled rice and milling recovery of head rice, respectively, than those of Hwaseongbyeo. "Cheongan" could be adaptable to the central and mid-southern plain area, and mid-western coastal area of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2009

This study was carried out to establish breeding system for interspecific hybridization of Lilium using spontaneous meiotic polyploidization of $F_1$ OA hybrid and its progenies. Pollen viability and germination of $F_1$ OA interspecific hybrid showed variation by collection time, indicating that pollen grain in June, which was natural blooming season, had better viability and germination ability than in October. 2n-gametes from spontaneous meiotic polyploidization of OA hybrid were crossed with either diploid Asiatic or Oriental hybrid, and subsequent progenies crossed with Asiatic hybrid as female and OA hybrid as male showed the highest efficiency, where 2x-2x A$\times$OA produced 0.64 plants per cross combination, while 2x-2x, O$\times$OA and 2x-2x, OA$\times$A crosses produced 0.42 and 0.4 plant per ovary, and especially no progeny was obtained in 2x-2x, OA$\times$O cross combination. For the subsequent progeny production, a cross between diploid Asiatic hybrid as female and diploid OA hybrid as male was the best ploidy combination. Ploidy level of subsequent progeny derived from backcross with 2n-gametes of OA hybrid revealed that triploids from 2x-2x OA$\times$A, tetraploids from both 4x-2x, AA$\times$OA and OO$\times$OA, diploid from 2x-2x, O$\times$OA, and diploids or triploids from 2x-2x, A$\times$OA crosses were produced respectively.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2009

In order to recover fertility from sterile interspecific OA-1 $F_1$ hybrid (Oriental hybrid 'Mero Star' ${\times}$ Asiatic hybrid 'Connecticut King'), various concentrations (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5%) of caffeine were injected directly into flower buds and then confirmed the viability of OA-1 $F_1$ hybrid at the flowering time. After the caffeine treatment, fertilized $F_1$ hybrids were crossed as female with Asiatic hybrid 'Lanzarote' as male. Five plantlets were obtained from seven embryos of 16 pollinated flowers at 0.3% treatment of caffeine while 0.5% treatment of caffeine obtained one plant let and 0.1 % treatment of caffeine plantlet did not produce at all. Thus 0.3% of caffeine treatment was considered as optimum concentration to produce subsequent progenies and the OA-l $F_1$ hybrid treated with caffeine produced 51% of putative 2n gametes. Pollen germination of OA-2 ('Romero Star' ${\times}$ 'Lady Rosa') and OA-3 ('Expression' ${\times}$ 'Lady Rosa') was not differ between temperature treatment alone and in combination with caffeine and temperature treatment. In the reciprocal crosses of OA-1 and Asiatic hybrid 'Lanzarote' or Oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne', A ('Lanzarote') ${\times}$ OA-1 or OA-1 ${\times}$ A crosses showed better results than O ('Sorbonne') ${\times}$ OA-1 or OA-1 ${\times}$ a crosses in plant obtaining. All progenies obtained from A ${\times}$ OA-1 or OA-1 ${\times}$ A crosses were confirmed as triploids by GISH analysis.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.302-306
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• 2010

'Migwang' is a new japonica rice variety developed from a cross between SR15926-10-2-3-3-3 having a good canopy architecture and multiple disease resistance, and Iksan431 having a translucent milled rice and good eating-quality with a view of developing a new variety having multiple disease resistance by the rice breeding team at NICS, RDA in 2009. The heading date of this variety is August 15 and later than check variety, Hwaseongbyeo, by four days. 'Migwang' has 75 cm of culm length and 98 spikelets per panicle. This variety showed longer heading delay and higher spikelet sterility than those of Hwaseongbyeo while exposed to cold stress. This variety showed resistance to blast disease and bacterial leaf blight, but susceptible to rice stripe virus and planthoppers. The milled rice of this variety exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and short grain shape. 'Migwang' has better palatability index of cooked rice than that of Hwaseongbyeo. The whole grain rate of milled rice and milled rice recovery of 'Migwang' are higher than those of Hwaseongbyeo as 96.8% and 73.1%, respectively. 'Migwang' has 5.5 MT/ha in milled rice. 'Migwang' could be adaptable to the middle plain area, mid-western and southeastern costal areas and mid-mountainous areas in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.513-518
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• 2011

'Hongjinju', the reddish brown coloured rice variety, was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA during the period from 1990 to 2006 and released in 2007. The cultivar was derived from a cross between Suwon 383, and $SR18164F_2$, a reddish brown pigmented line. 'Hongjinju' is medium maturity with 133 days of growth duration from seeding to heading and is japonica-type with about 82 cm in culm length. 'Hongjinju' has slightly less number of tillers per hill and more spikelets of panicles than those of 'Heugjinjubyeo'. It is susceptible to leaf blast, other disease and insect pests. It shows intermediate germination ratio at low temperature and similar tolerance to leaf discolor at seeding stage and heading-delay but it is resistant to spikelets-sterility type of cold damage at maturing stage compared with 'Heugjinjubyeo'. The yield performance of this variety in brown rice is about 5.07 MT/ha and is adaptable to the central and southern plain areas of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 2009

'Pyeongwon' is a new japonica rice cultivar which is developed from a cross between Jinbu19 and Samjiyeon4 from North Korea by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. Pyeongwon has about 107 days duration from seeding to heading in mid-northen plain, alpine, north-eastern coastal and southern alpine areas. It has about 67 cm culm length and tolerance to lodging. Pyeongwon has 13 tillers per hill and 82 spikelets per panicle. It showed tolerance to heading delay and spikelet sterility due to cold treatment similar to Odaebyeo. It also showed slow leaf senescence and moderate tolerance to viviparous germination during the ripening stage. Pyeongwon has resistance to blast disease but susceptible to stripe virus and brown planthopper. Milled rice of Pyeongwon has translucent kernels, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It is characterized as a low gelatinization temperature and slightly lower amylose content (17.1%) variety compared to Odaebyeo (19.5%) and has good palatability of cooked rice. The milled rice yield performance of this cultivar was about 5.28 MT/ha by ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. This cultivar may be highly adaptable to the mid-northen plain, alpine, north-eastern coastal and southern alpine areas of Korea.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate spatial variations in rice production areas by simulating rice growth and yield with CERES-Rice growth model under GCM $2{\times}CO_2$ climate change scenarios. A modified window version(v4.0) of CERES-Rice was used to simulate the growth and development of three varieties, representing early, medium, and late maturity classes. Simulated growth and yield data of the three cultivars under the climate for 1971 to 2000 was set as a reference. Compared with the current normal(1971 to 2000), heading period from transplanting to heading date decreased by 7~8 days for the climate in $2^{\circ}C$ increase over normal, and 16~18 days for the climate in UKMO with all maturity classes, while change of ripening period from heading to harvesting date was different with maturity classes. That is, physical maturity was shortened by 1~3 days for early maturity class and 14~18 days for late maturity class under different climate change scenarios. Rice yield was in general reduced by 4.5%, 8.2%, 9.9%, and 14.9% under the climate in $2^{\circ}C$, $3^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, and about $5^{\circ}C$ increase, respectively. The yield reduction was due to increased high temperature-induced spikelet sterility and decreased growth period. The results show that predicted climate changes are expected to bring negative effects in rice production in Korea. So, it is required for introduction of new agricultural technologies to adapt to climate change, which are, for example, developing new cultivars, alternations of planting dates and management practices, and introducing irrigation systems, etc.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.371-384
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• 1982

Highly cold tolerant varieties are requested not only at high latitute cool area but also tropical high elevated areas, and the required tolerance is different from location to location. IRRI identified 6 different types of cold tolerance required in the world for breeding purpose; a) Hokkaido type, b) Suweon type, c) Taipei 1st season type, d) Taipei 2nd season type, e) Tropical alpine type and, f) Bangladesh type. The cold tolerance requested in Korea is more eargent in Tongil group cultivars and their required tolerance is the one such as the physiological activities at low temperature are as active as in Japonica group cultivars at least during young seedling stage and reproduction stage. With conventional Japonica cultivars, such cold tolerant characters are requested as short growth duration but stable basic vegetative growth, less sensitive to high temperature and less prolonged growth duration at low temperature. The methods screening for cold tolerance were developed rapidly after the Tongil cultivar was reliesed. The facilities of screening for cold tolerance, such as, low temperature incubator, cold water tank, growth cabinet, phytotron, cold water nursery in Chuncheon, breeding nursery located in Jinbu, Unbong and Youngduk, are well established. Foreign facilities such as, cold water tank with the rapid generation advancement facilities, cold nurseries located in Banaue, Kathmandu and Kashimir may be available for the screening of some limitted breeding materials. For the reference, screening methods applied at different growth stages in Japan are introduced. The component characters of cold tolerance are not well identified, but the varietal differences in a) germinability, b) young seedling growth, c) rooting, d) tillering, e) discolation, f) nutrition uptake, g) photosynthesis rate, h) delay in heading, i) pollen sterility, and j) grain fertility at low temperature are reported to be distinguishable. Relationships among those traits are not consistent. Reported studies on the inheritance of cold tolerance are summarized. Four or more genes are controlling low temperature germinability, one or several genes are controlling seedling tolerance, and four or more genes are responsible for the pollen fertility of the rice treated with cold air or grown in the cold water nursery. But most of those data indicate that the results may come out in different way if those were tested at different temperature. Many cold tolerant parents among Japonicas, Indicas and Javanicas were identified as the results of the improvement of cold tolerance screening techniques and IRTP efforts and they are ready to be utilized. Considering a) diversification of germ plasm, b) integration of resistances to diseases and insects, c) identification of adaptability of recommending cultivars and, d) systematic control of recommending cultivars, breeding strategies for short term and long term are suggested. For short term, efforts will be concentrated mainly to the conventional cultivar group. Domestic cultivars will be used as foundation stock and ecologically different foreign introductions such as from Hokkaido, China or from Taiwan, will be used as cross parents for the adjustment of growth durations and synthsize the prototype of tolerances. While at the other side, extreme early waxy Japonicas will be crossed with the Indica parents which are identified for their resistances to the diseases and insects. Through the back corsses to waxy Japonicas, those Indica resistances will be transfered to the Japonicas and these will be utilized to the crosses for the improvement of resistances of prototype. For the long term, efforts will be payed to synthsize all the available tolerances identified any from Japonicas, Indicas and Javanicas to diversify the germ plasm. The tolerant cultivars newly synthsized, should be stable and affected minimum. to the low temperature at all the growing stages. The resistances to the diseases and insects should be integrated also. The rapid generation advancement, pollen culture and international cooperations were emphasized to maximize the breeding efficiency.