• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.576-583
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the daily steps, physical activities and activity coefficient of policemen (average age: 31.5 ${\pm}$ 5.1 years) who do shift work. Body weight, height and daily steps were measured and one-day activity diary was collected by interviewing with policemen. Average height, body weight, BMI, body fat (%) and muscles (%) of subjects were 173.1 ${\pm}$ 5.2 cm, 73.7 ${\pm}$ 9.7 kg, 24,6 $kg/m^{2}$, 15.5 ${\pm}$ 1.9% and 37.3 ${\pm}$ 5.8%, respectively. The average daily numbers of steps were found to be 9,812 steps/day on day shift duty and 10,888 steps/day on night shift duty and 6,551 steps/day on holiday duty. Hourly step rates on day shift, night shift and holiday came to 1946 steps/hr, 2,130 steps/hr and 1,318 steps/hr, respectively. Activity coefficient (1.75) in night shift of the subjects was the highest and activity coefficient (1.52) in day shift was significantly higher than that (1.31) in holiday (p < 0.05). The rate of expending time for very light activity in holiday (91.5%) was significantly higher than that (70.0%) in night shift. The muscle mass (kg, %) had significantly positive relationship with daily steps in day shift (r = 0.592, r = 0.632) and night shift (r = 0.550, r = 0.503). Triceps skinfold thickness was negatively correlated with daily steps in day shift (r = -0.366, p < 0.05). There were remarkable differences in physical activities and sleeping hours depending on shift works of policemen. In the case of night shift work, sleeping hours was the lowest and activity coefficient was the highest among day shift, night shift and holiday. These results suggest that energy requirements of policemen should be differentiated according to shift work duty.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.361-371
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the daily steps, physical activities and activity coefficient of the elementary school children in the rural area. Body weight, height and daily steps were measured and one-day activity diaries were collected by interviewing children. The average age of the subjects was $9.96{\pm}1.02$ years. Average height, weight, obesity index, body fat and muscle of subjects were $136.2{\pm}8.9cm,\;35.2{\pm}8.5kg,\;99.6{\pm}18.8%,\;22.9{\pm}8.5%\;and\;35.8{\pm}6.0%$, respectively. The average daily steps of the subjects was 17,584 and daily steps (19,314) of 3rd grade students was significantly higher than that (15,712) of 5th grade children. But there was no significant difference in daily steps and activity coefficients between boys and girls. Daily steps (23,347) of exercise group showed the significantly higher than that (16,144) of non-exercise group. Gender and grade of subjects did not have significant influence on activity coefficients, but there was a significant difference in activity coefficient on weekdays between the exercise group ($1.82{\pm}0.30$) and non-exercise group ($1.50{\pm}0.21$). Analysis of variance revealed stronger associations between daily steps and body fat (%) than between daily steps and BMI. Daily steps showed significant negative correlation with body fat (%) measured using two methods r=-0.321 and r=-0.365, respectively. Activity coefficient was significantly correlated (r=0.436) with daily steps, thus increasing daily steps cm prevent and treat childhood obesity by increasing the energy expenditure. The higher activity coefficients (weekday 1.56, weekend 1.53) of the subjects was caused by the fact that rural students spent more time outside and enjoyed stronger activities than urban students. The results of this study can be used to estimate energy requirements for Korean children based on exercise levels and living areas.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.452-457
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• 2006

In this paper, an algorithm to detect steps in hemiplegic patients using a 3-axis accelerometer a紅ached on the trunk was proposed. The proposed algorithm consisted of the signal pre-processing, the step detector, the classification of steps and the calculation of stride time. Two FIR band-pass filters were designed and steps were measured by the combination of filtered signals in the vertical and the anteroposterior directions. In addition, the classification of steps and the calculation of stride time were computed by using the detected steps and lateral signals. For the experiment, fourteen hemiplegic patients were participated and the linear accelerations of the trunk and foot switch signals were measured synchronously. To evaluate the system performance, the detected steps and initial contacts by the foot switch were compared. The average error between the steps and initial contacts was 0.024ms and the difference of the average stride time was 0.01s. Finally, all gait events were detected exactly. Results showed that the accelerometry could use for the gait evaluation in clinical rehabilitation therapies.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2007

It is essential for gait analysis to know the distance information. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of start and finish distance on the gait variable during walking. Six adolescent participated in this study. Start condition was given by six conditions.: walking forward from (1) one step, (2) three steps, (3) five steps, (4) ten steps, (5) one step after standing walk, and (6) three steps after standing walk, before contacting the force plate. Stop condition was given by four conditions. : stop after (1) one step, (2) two steps, (3) three steps, and (4) ten steps, passing force plate. Repeated measured one-way ANOVA was utilized for data analysis, and the significant level was set at .05. The largest change from the difference of gait velocity exists between the variables of ground reaction force. There were no significant differences in spatio-temporal and posture(angle) variables, as well as ground reaction force variables with walking over the three steps. There were significant differences in gait velocity, knee angle at heel contact, vertical impulse and ankle angle at toe off in short distance.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.159-170
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• 2004

한국산 다람쥐(Tamias sibiricus)의 정자변태 과정을 투과전자현미경으로 조사하였다. 정자변태는 첨체변화와 핵의 형태의 특징을 기초로 하여 골지기, 두모기, 첨체기, 성숙기 그리고 이탈기로 구분하였고, 골지 두모 첨체기는 각각 전 중 후기, 성숙기는 전 후기, 이탈기는 1기로 세분하였다. 따라서 다람쥐(Tamias sibiricus)의 정자변태는 12기(phases)로 구분되어졌다. 골지기(steps 1-3)의 경우, 잘 발달된 골지복합체는 첨체소포가까이에 위치하고, 첨체소포는 3단계에서 핵막과 융합하여 함입되어있다. 두모기(steps 4-6)에서는, 첨체소포가 핵의 표면 위에 넓게 퍼지며 핵의 1/3을 덮고, 첨체과립은 아직 분산되지 않았다. 첨체기(steps 7-9)동안에 있어서, 핵과 첨체는 신장되었으나 핵질은 농축되지 않았다. 성숙기(steps 10-11)에서는 핵질이 더욱 농축되어 졌으며, 미토콘드리아들은 축사의 중심에 완전하게 배열되어졌다. 이탈기(step 12)에서 정자머리는 완전하게 주걱형태의 모양을 갖추고 있었다.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• 제5C권6호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2005

WDM optical communication system requires wavelength division multiplexing, reverse multiplexing and optical filter. OADM is a device that can separate or combine specific wavelength of channel from the transmission line. This paper suggests OADM that uses 2 steps FBG based on MZI structure. The OADM that uses 2 steps FBG can minimize the system size and reduce the value of side lobe remarkably. The results obtained in this paper can be used for design and application of OADM that uses 2 steps FBG.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.46-57
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to show general steps of developing better measures for the survey questionnaire. The steps introduced can be adopted by researchers in disciplines such as management, psychology, behavioral science, etc. As an exemplary case, the customer-supplier relationship is used to show suggested steps in great detail. Several suggested steps and techniques are selected after carefully reviewing the works of previous researchers such as Churchill (1979), DeVellis (1993), Dunn et al. (1994), Hayes (1994),which are explained in depth in the following sections, are: (1) specify domain of construct, (2) generate sample of items, (3) pilot study, (4) data collection, (5) assess reliability and validity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.700-704
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• 2004

Chinese-style pork jerky is a typical intermediate moisture meat product obtained by curing, drying and roasting pork samples. The chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics of pork jerky were evaluated throughout processing. The moisture content varied from 72.5% to 23.4 or 19.6% and aw varied form 0.97 to 0.74 or 0.72 in accordance with processing steps. The pork jerky roasted at $200^{\circ}C$ had higher shear value than roasted at $150^{\circ}C$ because the moisture content and aw of the former sample was lower than the later sample. The nitrite losses during whole processing steps amount to nearly 50%. The TBA value of pork jerky varied from 0.34 to 9.25 or 9.83 mg of malonaldehyde depended on processing steps. The VBN value of pork jerky ranging from 0.25 to 22.4 or 23.5 mg/kg depended upon processing steps. The ATPase activity of myofibrillar proteins during processing steps were partly or entirely denatured by the heat-drying or heat-roasting treatment. A gradual decrease in microorganism count during processing of pork jerky was also observed.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 인공개체의 진화를 셀 수준에서 모사하는 프레임워크 상에서 인공개체가 자신의 행위를 기억하는 회로가 있는 경우 환경에 어떻게 적응적으로 진화하는지를 연구하였다. 이는 기존에 제안한 인공개체가 단순히 현재 상황 입력에 대한 대응행위를 결정하고 행동하는 것에서 나아가 자신의 이전의 행위를 기억할 경우 어떤 진보된 대응행위로 진화할 수 있는지 그리고 이전 행위를 기억하지 못하는 인공개체에 비하여 어떤 장점을 갖는지를 분석할 수 있다. 이러한 분석을 위하여 특정 먹이패턴에서 다양한 실험을 수행하고 그 결과를 살펴보았다. 먼저 이전 행동을 4단계까지 기억하는 개체와 기억회로가 없는 개체부터 3단계까지 기억하는 개체별로 경쟁력 실험을 해보았다. 그 결과 대부분 4단계까지 기억하는 개체가 우수하였다. 그러나 2단계까지 기억하는 개체가 4단계까지 기억하는 개체보다 더 우수했는데, 이는 실험한 먹이패턴 하에서는 2단계까지 기억하는 개체가 더 빨리 좋은 행위를 갖는 개체로 진화되기 때문으로 분석되었다. 두 번째로 모든 개체를 같이 진화시킨 실험에서도 T2 가 가장 우수한 결과를 보였다. 이를 통하여 행위기억회로를 갖는 개체가 더 우수하며 먹이패턴 복잡도에 적합한 단계까지 기억하는 개체가 가장 좋은 결과를 보임을 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.757-770
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• 1998

A Navier-Stokes code with a low Reynolds number k-.epsilon. turbulence model was tested to investigate its predictability for the unsteady transitional boundary layer flow due to rotor-stator interaction. A preliminary calculation with three different numbers of time steps 300, 600, and 1000 for a rotor wake passing period was carried out to see the effects of time steps on the unsteady flow and pressure fields due to rotor-stator interaction. Numerical solutions showed that unsteady pressure was much more sensitive to the number of time steps and over 600 time steps should be used to get a numerical solution independent of the number of time steps for a rotor wake passing period. The original low Reynolds number k-.epsilon. turbulence model showed very poor prediction of the unsteady transitional boundary layer flow due to rotor-stator interaction. This was due to the excessive production of turbulent kinetic energy near the leading edge. A modification suggested by Launder was incorporated and the modified model captured well the wake induced transitional strip. Present solutions also showed improved prediction over previous Euler/boundary layer solution in terms of the onset of unsteady transition and its extent.