• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.37.2-37.2
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• 2013

We present the galaxy luminosity function (LF) of the Abell 119 cluster. Deep images in u, g, r bands were taken using MOSAIC 2 CCD on a Blanco 4-m telescope at CTIO. Based on scaling relations at faint magnitudes and spectroscopy at bright magnitudes, accurate membership of galaxies is determined. The LF is fitted by a single Schechter function and a two components (Gauss + Schechter) function. Blue galaxies are well fitted by a single Schechter function with steep slope ${\alpha}$ ~ -1.55). Red galaxies in the inner, high density region are fitted by single Schechter function with shallow slope (${\alpha}$ ~ -1.30), while red galaxies in the outer, low density region are well fitted by a two components function. The different slope of LFs between the inner and outer seems to stem from the luminosity segregation of A119 indicating larger number ratio of luminous to faint ratio towards the cluster center. The different shape of LFs seems to be resulted from the different composition of luminous and faint galaxies among main-cluster, sub-cluster, and infall region.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ($\bar{H}$), $Nha^{-1}$, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and ${\beta}$-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 $m^2ha^{-1}$ and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. ${\beta}$-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, $\bar{H}$, $Nha^{-1}$ and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.3 s.142
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• pp.164-170
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• 2005

In the present study, we investigated the mineral and metabolite composition and antioxidant activities in the flower, stem and root of Aster ciliosus Kitamura in order to detect biologically active substances and develop novel functional resources. The mineral and metabolite compositions differ significantly among the organ of Aster ciliosus Kitamura. The flower is composed of K as 827 mg/100g. while the stem and root are composed of Na as 654.64mg/100g and 771.70mg/100g, respectively. Contents of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, were higher than those of saturated fatty acid, such as palmitic acid in flower. The contests of phenolic compounds were measured at 285 nm using different solvents: 2.53 and 2.03 optical density (OD) in chloroform and 1.864 and 1.715 in ethanol extracts for the stem and root, respectively. Antioxidant activity was measured in 75% ethanol extracts: 41.3, 42.0 and $45.2\;{\mu}g/ml$ in stem, root and flower at $IC_{50}$ value, respectively. These results suggest that extracts from Aster ciliosus Kitamura can be potentially used as novel resources for antioxidant and biological active substances.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1999

Shoot morphological characteristics were affected by plant population densities in alfalfa. Shoots per plant, yield per shoot, yield per plant, and stem diameter increased with decreasing alfalfa population density. Winter survival was maximized at a plant population of $45plants\;m^{-2}$ or less. The grams of TNC per root increased as the stand density decreased. The lowest LT 50 occurred at the lowest stand density ($16plants\;m^{-2}$ having 25 cm plant spacing) and the highest LT 50 was attained at the highest stand density($494plants\;m^{-2}$ having 4.5 cm plant spacing). There were no differences in shoot morphology, winter survival, and cold hardiness in between 'Algonquin'and 'Vernal'. From this study, high stand density of alfalfa ($278plants\;m^{-2}$ or more) appears to be of little advantage compared to low stand density in terms of winter survival and cold hardiness.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.528-533
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• 2009

In the current study, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated and propagated from the human umbilical cord blood (UCB) were tested for their capabilities of differentiation into chondrocytes in vitro. The mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) collected from UCB were cultured in a low glucose DMEM medium with 10% FBS, L-glutamine and antibiotics. The human MSC colonies were positively stained by PAS reaction. When the immunophenotypes of surface antigens on the MSCs were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, these cells expressed positively MSC-related antigens of CD 29, CD44, CD 90 and CD105, whereas they did not express antigens of CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD133 and HLA-DR. Following induction these MSCs into chondrocytes in the chondrogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks or more, the cells were stained positively with safranin O. We clearly confirmed that human MSCs were successfully differentiated into chondrocytes by RT-PCR and immunofluorescent stain of type-II collagen protein. These data also indicate that the isolation, proliferation and differentiation of the hUCB-derived MSCs in vitro can be used for elucidating the mechanisms involved in chondrogenesis. Moreover this differentiation technique can be applied to developing cell-based tissue regeneration or repair damaged tissues.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.838-844
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to perform a functional components analysis and investigate the physical properties of powders made from the stems or fruit of freeze-dried Cheonnyuncho cactus (Opuntia humifusa). The functional components analysis showed that the stem and fruit powders han vitamin C levels of 42.14 mg and 105.21 mg, respectively. The stems powder contained more lutein than the fruit powder. The fruit powder contained more vitamin C than the stem powder. The SDF (soluble dietary fiber) and IDF (insoluble dietary fiber) in the stem powder were 45.24% and 22.15%, respectively, which were higher then the values for the fruit powder. The stem and fruit powders contained 19.30 mg/g and 25.10 mg/g of crude saponin, respectively. The pH of the stem and fruit powders was 5.34 and 5.07, respectively, both indicating low acidity. The L, a and b values of the stem powder color were 78.28, -3.71, and 19.19, respectively. The L, a and b values of the fruit powder color were 55.56, 24.84, and -3.18, respectively. The stems powder had a higher bulk density, water holding capacity, and swelling power than those of the fruit powder, but water-retaining capacity of the stem powder was lower than that of the fruit powder. In addition, the stems powder had a higher viscous material content and water uptake compared to the fruit powder. Based on the above results, we determined that Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) powder had potentially useful functional components and physical properties.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.125-130
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• 1975

This investigation was carried out to define the cultivation state of Ginseng seedling and to study the growth of important characters by location and correlations between characters, the results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Most of farmers culitvating ginseng seedling had not any special consideration for the improvement of soil, and they applied green manure only as basic fertilizer but they did not apply chemical fertilizer. 2. Any efforts on the improvement of ginseng seed were not found. Seed was harvested from 3 years old ginseng plant. Seedling density was 1.8 cm by 2 cm. 3. Growth of all characters showed significant differences among farms. Coefficients of variation among individual seedling plants was largest at root diameter and smallest at root length. 4. Gromth of all characters without root diameter by planted location under the shadow was poor at front row, however root diameter was shortest at back row. 5. Significant high correlatons were rocognized between root diameter and stem diameter, between leaf blade and stem diameter and between leaf blade and leaf length, but stem length were not correlated with any characters. It is noticable that negative correlations were found between stem length and root diameter, between stem length and root length and between stem length and stem diameter.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1998

This study was carried out to develop the regression model for estimating biomass of natural Pinus densiflora forests by stand density in northeast Chinese area of Mt. Paekdu. Four allometric regression models(W=aD$^b$, W=a(D$^2$H)$^b$. logW=a+b$\cdot$ logD+cD and logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H)) were used to estimate biomass for each of the tree components. The suitable regression model for estimating biomass of stem, bark and whole tree above ground was logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H), and that for biomass of branch, needle and needle area, logW=a+b$\cdot$logD+cD for all of the stand density classes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.530-539
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• 1994

All lipoproteins are made up of three major classes of lipids : triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Lipoproteins vary in their relative content of these lipids as well as in size and protein content. Human low density lipoprotein (LDL) is a main carrier for cholesterol in the blood stream, and it is well established that cholesterol deposits in the arteries stem primarily from LDL and that increased levels of plasma LDL correlated with in increased risk of atherosclerosis. Various lines of research provide strong evidence that lDL may become oxidized in vivo and that oxidized-LDL is the species involved in the formation of early atherosclerotic lesions. the most crucial findings in this context are the following : (1) Oxidized -LDL has chemotactic properties and if present in the intimal space of the arteries would recruit blood monocytes which then can develop into tissue macrophages ; (2) marcrophages take up oxidized-LDL unregulated to from lipid laden foam cells ; (3) Oxdized-LDLis highly cytotoxic and could be responsible for damage of the endothelial layer and for the destruction of smooth muscle cells.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.411-419
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• 2008

Xylia xylocarpa is fast-growing trees that are currently planted on trial basis in Sabah, Malaysia. The wood quality of trees grown in Sabah may differ from those grown in other places due to the environmental factors. Five 9-year-old trees of each species were extracted from their respective plots at Luasong, Tawau. Wood specimens were prepared from three height levels; bottom, middle and top, at the inner and outer radial positions. The within-tree and between-tree variations of physical properties of these species were analyzed. The basic density, oven-dry density and green moisture content(MC) are 0.72g/$cm^3$, 0.78g/$cm^3$ and 49.8% respectively. The shrinkage from green to oven-dry conditions for the radial and tangential directions were 3.35% and 5.76%, respectively. The trends of within-tree variations for most properties were more consistent in radial rather than vertical direction. This suggests diameter growth to be a more important factor contributing to the variations compared to height. Samples from the outer part of the stem were found to have higher density, shrinkage and mechanical strengths. The between-trees variations of some wood properties were found to be significantly different, probably due to genetic and micro-environmental factors. Significant correlation was recorded among the physical properties of the species. The true potential of X. xylocarpa for end-uses would be enhanced by further research such as the study on properties of wood from different sites and other properties like durability, seasoning, processing and machining characteristics. The characteristics of X. xylocarpa are comparable to a number of local popular hardwood species, indicating its suitability for heavy construction uses.