• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

Extruded defatted soy flour (DSF) with twin screw extruder was compared with steam treated DSF for soy sauce fermentation. Independent variables of response surface methodology (RSM) for extrusion were barrel temperature $(145{\sim}165^{\circ}C)$, feed moisture content $(25{\sim}35%)$, and feed rate $(20{\sim}30\;kg/hr)$. Extrusion conditions for production of the extrudates having highest water absorption capacity, lowest bulk density and highest expansion ratio were obtained by regression analysis of each dependent variable. Electron photomicrographs revealed significant increase of porosity inside the koji made from extruded DSF. Therefore, growth of fungi inside the koji made from extrudates of DSF was accelerated to achieve higher activities of protease, ${\alpha}-amylase$, and glucoamylase compared to the koji made from steamed DSF. Although amino acid composition of soy sauces prepared from two different DSF did not show any significant difference, the content of free amino acids in soluble nitrogen compounds was higher $(13%{\pm}2)$ in soy sauce made from extruded SDF. During the whole period of fermentation color of soy sauce made from extrudates of DSF was darker. Sensory evaluation did not reveal any serious off-odor and off-taste in the soy sauce fermented from extruded DSF.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 2018

In this study, soy-powder yogurt (SPY) with enhanced levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavone aglycone was produced from sprouting high-protein soybeans (HPSs). The fermented steam-HPS sprouts (0 to 4 cm) were fermented (72 h) with Lactobacillus brevis, and the total free amino acids (FAAs) of the formed mixtures were determined to be 79.53, 489.93, 877.55, 780.53, and 979.97 mg/100 mL in the fermented HPS (FHPS), and the fermented steam-HPS with 0 cm (FSHPS-0), 1 cm (FSHPS-1), 2 cm (FSHPS-2), and 4 cm sprouting lengths (FSHPS-4), respectively. The levels of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA were observed to be the highest, 100.31 and 101.60 mg/100 mL, respectively, in the unfermented HPS (UFSHPS-1, 1 cm) and FSHPS-1 sprouts, respectively. Moreover, the total contents of the isoflavone glycoside form decreased proportionally to the increasing total levels of isoflavone aglycones after fermentation in FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4. The levels of isoflavone aglycones were detected as 350.34, 289.15, 361.61, 445.05, and $491.25{\mu}g/g$ in FHPS, FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4, respectively. While FSHPS-1 exhibited the highest DPPH (63.28%) and ABTS (73.28%) radical scavenging activities, FSHPS-4 contained the highest isoflavone aglycone ratio (81.63%). All in all, the FSHPS-1 mixture prepared in this study exhibited high GABA content and functional prosperity, thereby making it suitable for potential applications in the soy-dairy industry.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2022

This study investigated the changes in the physiochemical property, phytochemical content, nutritional content and antioxidant activity of Polygoni multiflori Radix by steam, aging, and fermentation. After processing Polygoni multiflori Radix (PMR), pH slightly decreased, while acidity increased (pH 5.70→4.78, acidity 0.23→0.29%). The reducing sugar content increased after aging and fermentation from 1.19 mg/g (PMR) to 1.40 (fermented PMR, FPMR), 1.30 (red PMR, RPMR), 1.53 (fermented red PMR, FRPMR), 1.99 (black PMR, BPMR), and 2.33 mg/g (fermented black PMR, FBPMR). Total phenolic content was highest in PMR (6.05 mg/g) and total flavonoids and maillard product were increased after aging and fermentation of PMR, and were the highest in BPMR (1.60 mg/g) and FBPMR (2.76 O.D.), respectively. The major phytochemical was 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-0-α-glucoside, which were highest in PMR (64.9 mg/g) with 46.47 mg/g at FPMR, 33.94 mg/g at RPMR, 48.76 mg/g at FRPMR, 36.68 mg/g at BPMR and 34.35 mg/g at FBPMR. The main fatty acids and free amino acids were detected as palmitic acid (C16:0) and proline, respectively. Generally, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging activities and FRAP reducing powers were shown high in PMR (39.06%, 98.32%, and 2.61 O.D. in extracts concentration 1.0 mg/mL), then were decreased after aging and fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

Recently, the treatment of dead poultry has become more important issue because, the infected poultry, which was buried under the ground, causes environmental contaminations such as steep water and reek occurrence, etc. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the type of treatment and the composting methods influencing to the characteristics on decomposition and fermentative disinfection of dead poultry with poultry manure and sawdust. The results of the port tests showed that amputated poultry treated by the cut-sterilization were not only more decomposed, with less smell compared to the non-treated poultry carcass. When we treated thermophilic microorganism such as bacillus in this amputated poultry, the temperature of treated poultry increased much fester, the fermentation temperature didn't rise and not maintained constantly for long time due to the small size of the fermentation port. On the other hand, we did fermentation test by the layered disposal method with more poultry. In this experiment, the temperature of fermented poultry rose to $54^{\circ}C$ in a day and maintained around $55^{\circ}C$ during four weeks period. With less odor outside the experiment room. further. Also, we inoculated AI virus, ND virus in the excrement for studying the effect of fermentative disinfection. The result of the test revealed that AI virus was destructed within 60 minutes and ND virus was destructed within 30 minutes at the temperature of $56^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the investigations revealed scope of composting method for steam sterilized infected poultry in the originated area mixed with poultry manure, sawdust by thermophilic microorganism could increase the effectiveness of fermentative disinfection and decrease the environmental contamination.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.943-951
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• 2022

In this study, 8 kinds of fruits and vegetables such as apples, pears and radishes were cut and hot water extracts and Steamed hot water extract from fruits and vegetables were prepared and used as experimental substrates. As a result of fermenting with 1% (W/V) red ginseng extract (W/V) and 8 types of lactic acid bacteria mixed starter added to the lactic acid bacteria fermented extract, the pattern and content of ginsenosides were almost unchanged in the fruit and vegetable extract group and the steam treatment group. However, in the lactic acid bacteria fermented group, the TLC pattern was changed according to the fermentation process and treatment, and the content of ginsenosides converted into Rg₃(S) and Rg₅ increased. No change in the number of lactic acid bacteria (cfu) was observed in all four types of fruit and vegetable extracts. The number of lactic acid bacteria CFU was slightly decreased in the four fermented groups of fruit and vegetable extracts, but the growth inhibitory effect of beneficial bacteria was not significant. The growth inhibitory effect of the three harmful bacteria was not affected by the growth of E. coli and Pseudomonas in the four fruit and vegetable extracts. However, the proliferation of Salmonella was inhibited, which was confirmed as the growth inhibitory effect of the fruit and vegetable extract regardless of whether the steamed hot water extract or red ginseng extract was added.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.351-359
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• 2015

Twelve multiparous Holstein dairy cows in mid-lactation were selected for a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement to investigate the effects of corn and soybean meal (SBM) types on rumen fermentation, N metabolism and lactation performance in dairy cows. Two types of corn (dry ground [DGC] and steam-flaked corn [SFC]) and two types of SBM (solvent-extracted and heat-treated SBM) with different ruminal degradation rates and extents were used to formulate four diets with the same basal ingredients. Each period lasted for 21 days, including 14 d for adaptation and 7 d for sample collection. Cows receiving SFC had a lower dry matter (DM) and total N intake than those fed DGC. However, the milk yield and milk protein yield were not influenced by the corn type, resulting in higher feed and N utilization efficiency in SFC-fed cows than those receiving DGC. Ruminal acetate concentrations was greater and total volatile fatty acids concentrations tended to be greater for cows receiving DGC relative to cows fed SFC, but milk fat content was not influenced by corn type. The SFC-fed cows had lower ruminal ammonia-N, less urea N in their blood and milk, and lower fecal N excretion than those on DGC. Compared with solvent-extracted SBM-fed cows, cows receiving heat-treated SBM had lower microbial protein yield in the rumen, but similar total tract apparent nutrient digestibility, N metabolism measurements, and productivity. Excessive supply of metabolizable protein in all diets may have caused the lack of difference in lactation performance between SBM types. Results of the present study indicated that increasing the energy degradability in the rumen could improve feed efficiency, and reduce environmental pollution.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.973-982
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• 2017

Gastrodia elata Blume often has been used for the treatment of headaches, convulsions, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases. The main active constituents are gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzylaldehyde and parishin A, B, C and E. Because Gastrodia elata has also unacceptable off-odor (swine barnyard-like) for food, there is a need to reduce it as well as allow for greater utilization as a functional food materials. In this study, a major off-odor producing substance of Gastrodia elata was fractionated by steam distillation and silica gel column chromatography. The substance was identified as p-cresol(4-methyl phenol) by GC-MS analysis and comparison of the retention time with that of an authentic compound in GC. The content of p-cresol in fermented Gastrodia elata was decreased. A fermented sample of Latobacillus sakei for 2 days was reduced to 54.7%, when compared with a unfermented sample. The five parishin derivatives in Gastrodia elata were identified by HPLC-MS analyses, and a comparison of HPLC retention times with those of authentic compounds. When compared with parishin derivatives of an unfermented Gastrodia elata, those of Gastrodia elata fermented by L. sakei, increased to 18.3% for 2 days. Increases of about 14.0~38.4% of the total phenolic compounds and 57.4~77.3% total flavonoids were found in fermented extracts, by 3 lactic acid bacteria strains. They were compared with $97.1{\pm}2.9{\mu}g/g$ and $40.9{\pm}2.0{\mu}g/g$ in the unfermented control, respectively. The extracts of Gastrodia elata Blume that were fermented by lactic acid bacteria had higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP reducing power than the unfermented control.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27
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• pp.47-55
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• 1984

The results of series studies on the ratio of supplements, out-door composting and out-door fermentation induced by using the rice straw as a main substrates at the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, and the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus using the rice straw bundles on its compost are as follows; When rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus was used as the main substrates in synthetic compost as a carbon source, yields were remarkably high. Fermentation was more rapid than that of barley straw or wheat straw and the total nitrogen content was high in rice straw compost. Use of barley straw compost for cultivation of A. bisporus was shown of low yield compared with rice straw, but when a 50% barley straw and 50% rice straw mixture was used, the yield was almost the same as that using only rice straw. The total organic nitrogen on the compost were shown the positive relation to the yield of A. bisporus, but the ammonium nitrogen negative relation to the mycelial growth and yield of A. bisporus. When rice straw was used as the main substrate for compost media, urea was the most suitable source of nitrogen. Poor results were obtained with calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. When urea was applied three separate times, nitrogen loss during composting was decreased and the total nitrogen content of compost was increased. The supplementation of organic nutrient activated compost fermentation and increased yield of A. bisporus. The best sources of organic nutrients selected were as follows: perilla meal, sesame meal, wheat bran and poultry manure, etc. Soybean meal, tobacco powder and glutamic acid fermentation byproducts which were industrial wastes, could be substituted for perilla meal, sesame meal and wheat bran as organic nutrient sources for compost media. During out door composing of rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus, using of tuner, composter and tunnel system increased up to 13% of its yield, and also cut down 34% of production Cost. The cultivation of P. ostreatus and utilizing of rice straw and wheat straw was established and its yield was high on the rice straw pots. When the substrates 'Rice straw' was heated by steam at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr. mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was moderately rapid and its yield was high.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.157-168
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• 1985

To investigate nutritive values of a feed fermented with basidiomycetes, among the isolated strains, Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Sing. was found with the greatest enzyme productivity and rapid mycelial growth in rice straw medium. Optimum temperature, pH and moisture content for mycelial growth and enzyme production of the strain were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C,\;pH\;4.0{\sim}7.0\;and\;70{\sim}75\;%$, respectively. Fifteen days of culture were required for the highest enzyme productivity. Among the sub-materials added, $30{\sim}40\;%$ of rice bran and $10{\sim}20\;%$ of defatted perilla seeds were effective for the enzyme production, but caused a reduced mycelial growth. The greatest effect of an addition of inorganic salts was obtained with $0.36{\sim}0.72\;%\;of\;(NH_4)_2HPO_4$. When 40 mesh or smaller rice straw and steam treatment at $0.5\;kg/cm^2$ were used, the mycelial growth decreased, whereas the enzyme production increased. The mycelial growth and enzyme production increased when $Ca(OH)_2$ was used as the alkali treatment, but decreased with increasing concentration of NaOH. As the fermentation proceeded, the amounts of ash, reducing sugar and total nitrogen increased, but cellulose, lignin and pentosan decreased. When the rice straw was treated with alkali, the amounts of ash, total nitrogen and lignin decreased, but reducing sugar and cellulose increased. At higher NaOH concentration, the variation become greater. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of the products increased from 55.03 % at the beginning of the fermentation to 62.72 % at 45 days after fermentation. The most effective alkali treatment on the digestibility of rice straw was KOH followed by NaOH. However, the digestibility increased with increasing concentration of NaOH. The digestibility of pretreated with alkali increased after fermentation as well.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1623-1631
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein and energy on goats fed oil palm fronds (OPF) as roughages. Twenty-four male Saanen goats aged between 7 and 8 months and weighing $23.4{\pm}1.6kg$ were used in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Factors were three levels of urea (3%, 4% or 5%) and two levels of energy (low energy (LE) or high energy (HE)). On average, all parameters measured, including dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility, digestible nutrient intakes, ruminal ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N), ruminal total volatile fatty acid (total VFA) and individual VFA concentrations (mM/L), microbial N supply, P/E ratio and N retention were higher for HE compared to LE diets. Significant (p<0.05) interactions were found between levels of urea and energy for nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and energy (DE) digestibilities, ruminal $NH_3$-N and total VFA concentrations. HE diets had higher N absorption and retention than LE diets. Interactions between urea and energy for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), heat production (HP), and urine and faeces N excretion were significantly lower (p<0.05) for the HE diets than those recorded for the LE diets. The results indicated that supplementation of energy enhanced utilization of urea and resulted in higher animal performance as a consequence of improved ruminal fermentation, microbial yield and N balance. However, the optimal level of urea supplementation remained at 3% in the HE diet.