• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4989-4992
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• 2013

Aim: To compare p16INK4a immunocytochemistry with the HPV polymerase chain reaction in predicting high grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. Materials and Methods: This diagnostic case-control study was conducted from January 2010 until December 2010. We obtained 30 samples, classified according to the degree of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): 11 samples for CIN 1, 9 samples for CIN 2, and 10 samples for CIN 3. HPV PCR, p16INK4a immunocytochemistry, and histopathological examination were performed on all samples. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 20.0. Results: In predicting CIN 2-3, we found p16INK4a to have similar specificity and positive predictive value as HPV PCR (95%, 97.2% vs 96.7%), but better sensitivity (87.5% vs 72.5%) and negative predictive value (82.1% vs 67.6%). The most prevalent types of high-risk HPV in our study were HPV 33, 35, 58, 52, and 16. Conclusions: p16INK4a has better diagnostic values than HPV PCR and may be incorporated in the triage of ASCUS and LSIL to replace HPV PCR. Genotype distribution of HPV differs in each region, providing a challenge to develop HPV vaccines based on the epidemiology of HPV in that particular region.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 1969

This work concerns morphological studies of the Japaness jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus(Temminck & Schlegel). A total of 48 random samples consisting of 2669 fish is examined, representing three geographic regions, namely, Kamakura, Nagasaki, and Tottori. Preservation affects length and weight of fish considerably, but the variability after 10 days is shown to be negligible. The variability in measuring the morphometric characters due to different measures and orders is found to be significant. They are relatively small, however, compared to the variability in mean length to be expected in samples drawn from the population. Two meristic characters, namely, anal and second dorsal fin rays and three morphometric characters, namely, head length, first and second dorsal insertion distances are chosen for the study. Results of the statistical analysis reveal that differences in the selected meristic characters among samples within and between regions are found to be significant. In general, it is reasonable to state that the jack mackerel collected in Nagasaki region, on the average, have greatest number of anal fin ray and second dorsal fin ray followed by Kamakura, and Tottori regions in that order. It is found that although no significant differences in the slope of regression line are noticed, the mean differences of the selected morphometric measurements in relation to fish length are found to be significant among samples within each region. Differences in the regression coefficients as well as the adjusted sample means are found to be significant between regions. The analysis suggests that samples from Nagasaki region, on the average, have longest head length and greatest distances from snout to the insertion of first dorsal and second dorsal fins followed by Kamakura, and Tottori regions in that order.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.68-83
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• 2020

This study suggests a method to predict the color appearance of textiles that shifts depending on illumination variations. The suggested method allows the calculations of lightness, chroma, and hue appearance values from the spectral reflectance values of the textile and illuminant. The accuracy of the method was evaluated through numerical and statistical comparisons between the predicted and the measured color appearance values of 24 fabric samples under CIE standard illuminant D65. As a result, there were excellent agreements between the two data sets with the error values close to zero. The predicted color appearance values of 24 samples under two illuminating (color temperature-luminance) conditions, 2700 K-100 cd/㎡ and 6500 K-100 cd/㎡, were then compared to prove the significant effect of illumination on the color appearance of textiles. The color appearance values were also compared with spectrophotometrically measured physical color attributes, that is, true colors of the samples. The physical color attributes of samples were unchanged; however, differences in color appearance under different conditions were generally much larger than the suprathreshold color difference tolerances discussed in the color science literature. Finally, the magnitude of the illumination effect depending on the physical color attributes of samples was also analyzed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2015

In this paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models were discussed to determine the compressive strength of clinker mortars cured for 1, 2, 7 and 28 days. In the experimental stage, 1288 mortar samples were produced from 322 different clinker specimens and compressive strength tests were performed on these samples. Chemical properties of the clinker samples were also determined. In the modeling stage, these experimental results were used to construct the models. In the models tricalcium silicate ($C_3S$), dicalcium silicate ($C_2S$), tricalcium aluminate ($C_3A$), tetracalcium alumina ferrite ($C_4AF$), blaine values, specific gravity and age of samples were used as inputs and the compressive strength of clinker samples was used as output. The approximate reasoning ability of the models compared using some statistical parameters. As a result, ANN has shown satisfying relation with experimental results and suggests an alternative approach to evaluate compressive strength estimation of clinker mortars using related inputs. Furthermore MLR model showed a poor ability to predict.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1124-1124
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• 2001

CARNAC is a procedure for obtaining quantitative analysis of a sample by comparison of the NIR spectra of the unknown sample with a database of a large number of samples with NIR spectral and compositional data. The method depends on the compression of the NIR database followed by a modification of the compressed data which emphasizes the required analyte. The method identifies a few very similar samples and the value of the required analyte is calculated from a weighed average of the analyte values for the selected similar samples. The method was originally described at Chambersburg IDRC in 1986 and in the Proceedings of the FT Conference of 1987. This contribution will describe recent work on utilising new methods for both compression and modification.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 1994

Comparisions were made for cooking times, internal temperatures, thiamin contents and textural properties of various portion weights of egg mixture cooked in a microwave oven at high and/or low power levels and in a conventional double boiler. The mean internal temperatures of conventionally cooked egg mixtures were 76.4~80.7$^{\circ}C$. When cooking was made by steaming, the mean internal temperature were comparable among samples. With the microwave cooking, the range of mean temperature was 83.8~96.4$^{\circ}C$, and they were significantly higher than the conventionally cooked egg mixtures. The hardness determination was conducted using universal testing machine and a taste panel. Samples cooked with steam or with larger portion weight had softer texture than samples cooked by microwaves or smaller amount, respectively. Mean internal temperature was significantly(r=0.99, p<0.05) correlated with mechanical hardness determination. Statistical analyses indicated no significant difference in the thiamin content among various treatments.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2007

Dependent models in quality statistics are classified as serially autocorrelated model, multivariate model and dependent sample model. Dependent sample model is most efficient in time and cost to obtain samples among the above models. This paper proposes to implement parametric and nonparametric models into production system depended on demand pattern. Nonparametric models have distribution free and asymptotic distribution free techniques. Quality statistical models are classified into two categories ; the number of dependent sample and the type of data. The type of data consists of nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data. The number of dependent sample divides into 2 samples and more than 3 samples.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1994

The farm population survey and the livestock survey are sample surveys related to agriculture. Two new sample designs for these surveys are considered. Shi-Gun(county) estimates in the farm population survey and Shi-Do(county) estimates in the livestock survey can be obtained. Also the sample sizes are reduced. To increase the precision of the estiamtes strarified simple random samples are used and particularly purposive samples are introduced in livestock survey. Lastly the method of management and replacement of samples are investigated for successive occasion survey.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.401-407
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• 2009

In the previous article in this series we introduced the basic concepts for statistical analysis. The present review introduces hypothesis testing for continuous and categorical data for readers of the veterinary science literature. For the analysis of continuous data, we explained t-test to compare a single mean with a hypothesized value and the difference between two means from two independent samples or between two means arising from paired samples. When the data are categorical variables, the $x^2$ test for association and homogeneity, Fisher's exact test and Yates' continuity correction for small samples, and test for trend, in which at least one of the variables is ordinal is described, together with the worked examples. McNemar test for correlated proportions is also discussed. The topics covered may provide a basic understanding of different approaches for analyzing clinical data.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2012

A sample size with sufficient statistical power is critical to the success of genetic association studies to detect causal genes of human complex diseases. Genome-wide association studies require much larger sample sizes to achieve an adequate statistical power. We estimated the statistical power with increasing numbers of markers analyzed and compared the sample sizes that were required in case-control studies and case-parent studies. We computed the effective sample size and statistical power using Genetic Power Calculator. An analysis using a larger number of markers requires a larger sample size. Testing a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker requires 248 cases, while testing 500,000 SNPs and 1 million markers requires 1,206 cases and 1,255 cases, respectively, under the assumption of an odds ratio of 2, 5% disease prevalence, 5% minor allele frequency, complete linkage disequilibrium (LD), 1:1 case/control ratio, and a 5% error rate in an allelic test. Under a dominant model, a smaller sample size is required to achieve 80% power than other genetic models. We found that a much lower sample size was required with a strong effect size, common SNP, and increased LD. In addition, studying a common disease in a case-control study of a 1:4 case-control ratio is one way to achieve higher statistical power. We also found that case-parent studies require more samples than case-control studies. Although we have not covered all plausible cases in study design, the estimates of sample size and statistical power computed under various assumptions in this study may be useful to determine the sample size in designing a population-based genetic association study.