• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.50-57
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• 2009

This paper proposes a VLSI architecture of CAVLC hardware decoder which is a tool eliminating statistical redundancy in H.264/AVC video compression. The previous CAVLC hardware decoder used four stages to decode five code symbols. The previous CAVLC hardware architectures decreased decoding performance because there was an unnecessary idle cycle in between state transitions. Likewise, the computation of valid bit length includes an unnecessary idle cycle. This paper proposes hardware architecture to eliminate the idle cycle efficiently. Two methods are applied to the architecture. One is a method which eliminates an unnecessary things of buffers storing decoded codes and then makes efficient pipeline architecture. The other one is a shifter control to simplify operations and controls in the process of calculating valid bit length. The experimental result shows that the proposed architecture needs only 89 cycle in average for one macroblock decoding. This architecture improves the performance by about 29% than previous designs. The synthesis result shows that the design achieves the maximum operating frequency at 140Mhz and the hardware cost is about 11.5K under a 0.18um CMOS process. Comparing with the previous design, it can achieve low-power operation because this design is implemented with high throughputs and low gate count.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.121-139
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate regional commitment index(RGI) of hospital in Korea, and the relationship RGI and hospital characteristics, such as foundation, region, size. Therefore, we are to suggest fundamental information to make and evaluate healthcare resource policy in hospital- and government-level. Methods : The 'Patient Survey 2002(administered by Ministry of Health and Social Welfare(MOHW)' was analyzed. We selected the patient data of the hospitals above 100 beds. Then, we calculated the RGI, number of same cases divided by all cases in each hospital. By using SPSS/win ver 14.0, statistical analysis such as t-test, ANOVA, correlational and regression analysis was carried out. Results : The results are as follows. 1. Overall mean and standard deviation of RGI were revealed as 0.805${\pm}$0.225 in inpatients, and 0.871${\pm}$0.184 in outpatient. The median of inpatients' and outpatients' RGI were 0.890 and 0.933. The RGI of inpatients of private hospitals were revealed significantly higher than that of the public(public: 0.727, private: 0.822). However, outpatients' RGI was not revealed as significantly different. 2. The RGI of general specialty hospitals were significantly lower than others, therefore we could think that more inpatients and outpatients of general specialty hospitals flowed in from others province or metropolitan cities than other hospital types. 3. The RGI of hospitals holding above 400 beds were significantly lower than others in inpatients and outpatients. 5. The RGI of hospitals were significantly different among sixteen province and metropolitan cities. The RGI inpatients of Gwangju and Daejon metropolitan city were lowest sub-group(0.659, 0.664), and the RGI inpatients of Jeju was revealed as highest, 0.979. 6. Available beds, total doctors, and total employees were negatively correlated with RGI of inpatients and outpatients. 7. The significant influencing factors to RGI of inpatients and outpatients were appeared samely such as available beds, wide healthcare region, hospital size, and foundation type. Conclusions : It is considered that RGI of hospital represent competitive power in healthcare market. Also, the competitive advantage and quality of hospital clustered by characteristics could made out by RGI. Therefore, the results of this study would be useful to develop and evaluate hospital policy of individual hospital or local government.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.970-975
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• 2012

In Sasang constitutional medicine, doctors diagnose and treat patients according to their Sasang consitutition (SC) type. In this work, by a clinical test with a radial pulse tonometer, we investigated radial pulse properties which were significant in distinguishing unhealthy subjects from healthy subjects for each SC type. We measured radial pulse properties on left and right Gwan locations with a pulse tonometer for 299 elderly female subjects of age of 50 years old or above. We used a newly developed SCAT system to determine subjects' SC types. Subjects' health levels of either healthy or unhealthy were determined independently by two Korean medical doctors. To investigate the statistical differences, we used either of Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test depending on the normality of distribution of test statistic. For TE type, unhealthy subjects were characterized with significant increases in heart rate, systolic to diastolic period, pulse depth, while they showed significant decreases in width of pulse in normal direction, pulse area in diastolic period, and high harmonic components (6th, 7th) of power spectral density. For SE type, unhealthy subjects were characterized with significant increases in pulse pressure and pulse depth, while no significant differences were found for SY type. We investigated the characteristic differences in radial pulse properties due to change in health levels on each SC type for elderly females. Pulse variables which were significantly different between healthy subjects and unhealthy subjects were found to vary between SC types. For TE type subjects, many variables were found significant at the left Gwan location, which is in support of the theory of hyperactive liver functioning for TE type. Irrespective of the constitution, the related changes in the pulse properties due to worsened health level were in support of elevated blood flow amount in compensation with weakened blood circulatory function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2004

It is very important for the safe navigation and fishing operation to ensure the hull response of a fishing vessel in rough seas. This is an experimental study on the dynamical characteristics of ship's motion during operating job and sailing in the real sea. The experiments were carried out on the small stern trawler in operating job and sailing, and then the ship's roll and pitch motion were simultaneously recorded by P/C according to the wave directions. From these data, the statistical properties and power spectra were obtained and the analysis of ship's motions in the both case were made. The results obtained are summarized follows : (1) The amplitudes of pitch motion don't appear a big different between trawl job and sailing, but at bow seas, its in sailing have a tendency to increase more than in trawl job. The amplitudes of roll motion appear a bog different between trawl job and sailing, but at beam sea, that slightly decreasing tendency. (2) The peak period of pitch motion in trawl job and sailing change, but that of roll motion don't change according to the direction of waves. (3) The warp tention cause the motion of hull to be reduce, if the tention of each side have a ballance.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.133-164
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• 2005

This study examined the effects of children's perceived stress of economic strain, resulting family conflict, and stress coping strategies on their adjustment. Dimensions of children's adjustment studied in this research were problem behaviors (aggression, delinquency, withdrawal and anxiety depression) and school adjustment. Interaction effects between children's stress variables and coping strategies on the adjustment were also explored. 1,115 fifth to eighth graders from Chungbuk regions participated in self-administered structured questionnaires. Data were processed with SPSS PC 10.0 statistical package. Results were: First, the level of children's problem behaviors and school adjustment indicated differences according to their academic achievement, gender, and their age. Middle schoolers with rather low grade average reported higher level of aggression, delinquency, withdrawal and that of depression/anxiety. Boys tended to be more prone to external problems while girls to internal problems. Second, stresses originated from children's perceived economic strain and family conflicts showed consistent meaningful explanatory power on adjustment. Boys' adjustment was influenced by stress from economic strain and family conflict while girls by family conflict and academic achievements. The support seeking coping strategy among others was the most popularly employed coping strategy of children followed by aggressive coping strategy. In boys' cases, interaction effects of stress and coping strategies were significant in all of the adjustment variables, the more frequent the use of support seeking coping strategies, the lower the problem behavior, while interaction effect of family conflict stress and support seeking coping strategies played the opposite significant role in girls' cases. Further research efforts are required. Research results suggest; when developing a program facilitating children's adjustment, training on stress coping strategies should be considered as a potent new arena of interest.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.183-199
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs on her preschooler's social competence. The participants were 277 mothers residing in Daejeon, Korea. Basic descriptive statistics, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression were used for statistical treatment. The results were as follows: First, a mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs did not differ according to her educational level. One factor of perfectionism, 'holding high standards', alone showed significant difference between highschool graduates and graduate school graduates, the latter's scores being higher than the former's. There were no significant differences in preschooler's social competence by sex or age. However, a few sex and age differences were found in sub-factors of social competence. Girls scored higher than boys on 'showing affection', and 5 year olds scored lower on 'showing affection' and higher on 'leadership' than 3 years olds. Second, a mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs were able to explain 22.8% of variance in preschooler's social competence, the former showing more predictive power than the latter. Each of the two factors of maternal perfectionism affected five factors of preschooler's social competence in a different manner. 'Holding high standards' of perfectionism positively influenced preschooler's social competence factors such as 'social capability', 'leadership', and 'showing affection', whereas maternal 'fear of failure' had a negative impact on 'showing affection', 'disturbing'(reversed), and 'instability'(reversed). These results were discussed in relation with changes in social atmosphere and value systems, changes in child-rearing behaviors, or the construct and concept of perfectionism itself, It was suggested that these results be utilized in developing parent education programs for preschoolers lacking social competence.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.117-140
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• 1991

The purpose of this paper is primarily to introduce a nonparametric statistical tool developed by Baek and Brock to detect a unidirectional causal ordering between two economic variables and apply it to interesting macroeconomic relationships among money, production and prices. It can be applied to any other causal structure, for instance, defense spending and economic performance, stock market index and market interest rates etc. A key building block of the test for nonlinear Granger causality used in this paper is the correlation. The main emphasis is put on nonlinear causal structure rather than a linear one because the conventional F-test provides high power against the linear causal relationship. Based on asymptotic normality of our test statistic, the nonlinear causality test is finally derived. Size of the test is reported for some parameters. When it is applied to a money, production and prices model, some evidences of nonlinear causality are found by the corrected size of the test. For instance, nonlinear causal relationships between production and prices are demonstrated in both directions, however, these results were ignored by the conventional F-test. A similar results between money and prices are obtained at high lag variables.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1001-1006
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• 2015

Background: With development and application of new and effective anti-cancer drugs, the median survival post-progression (SPP) is often prolonged, and the role of the median SPP on surrogacy performance should be considered. To evaluate the impact of the median SPP on the correlation between progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), we performed simulations for treatment of four types of cancer, advanced gastric cancer (AGC), metastatic colorectal cancer (MCC), glioblastoma (GBM), and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (ANSCLC). Materials and Methods: The effects of the median SPP on the statistical properties of OS and the correlation between PFS and OS were assessed. Further, comparisons were made between the surrogacy performance based on real data from meta-analyses and simulation results with similar scenarios. Results: The probability of a significant gain in OS and HR for OS was decreased by an increase of the SPP/OS ratio or by a decrease of observed treatment benefit for PFS. Similarly, for each of the four types of cancer, the correlation between PFS and OS was reduced as the median SPP increased from 2 to 12 months. Except for ANSCLC, for which the median SPP was equal to the true value, the simulated correlation between PFS and OS was consistent with the values derived from meta-analyses for the other three kinds of cancer. Further, for these three types of cancer, when the median SPP was controlled at a designated level (i.e., < 4 months for AGC, < 12 months for MCC, and <6 months for GBM), the correlation between PFS and OS was strong; and the power of OS reached 34.9% at the minimum. Conclusions: PFS is an acceptable surrogate endpoint for OS under the condition of controlling SPPs for AGC, MCC, and GBM at their limit levels; a similar conclusion cannot be made for ANSCLC.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.405-415
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• 2011

The primary purpose of this paper is to identify the influencing factors on the new products adoption between countries and generations. For this purpose, a research is developed based on the relevant literature reviews. Data have been collected from 524 persons and were tested by t-test and various statistical methods. The results of this empirical study are summarized as follows. In the cultural factors, the groupism has high discretion in China old generation. The materialism and shopping preference have high discretion in two young generations. There is no difference between the two groups in the distance of power. In innovativeness of personality, Korea and China young generation have high discretion. Innovativeness has high discretion in Korea and China youngs. Cognition and sensory innovativeness are has low discretion in Korea old. In the social risk perception, physiological, functional general and financial risk has high discretion in China old. In risk reducing behavior, the normative taking level and ad, new product adoption has high discretion in Korea and China youngs. But, the influence of others has high discretion in China old generation. The safety and brand reputation are no influences. The findings have a several marketing strategies in generation and countries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 2020

A trash screen is installed in front of the inflow channel of a drainage pumping station, sewage treatment plant, and a power plant to block floating contaminants. The bottleneck phenomenon, which decreases the water inflow, causes damage to the damper as a result of clogging in between the screen if string type obstacles are not removed. In this paper, the apron was removed, and the screen was expanded, to prevent breakage of the bottleneck phenomenon and string type obstacles. This was designed using an extended rake by adding an inner rake in between the screen interspace to remove the bottleneck phenomenon and string type obstacles. To design the inner rake that satisfies the allowable stresses of the existing damper rake, the experiment points were determined according to the experimental design method using the inner rake vertical length and the thickness of the reinforced section as parameters. The use of the ANSYS static structural module and statistical analysis tool R software gives the optimized shape according to the response surface method. The relative error between the response surface analysis results and the simulation results was 1.63% of the determined optimal design-point rake length of 210.2 mm and the reinforcement section thickness of 2 mm. Through empirical experiments, a test rake was constructed to the actual size, and approximately 97% of the bottleneck phenomenon and string type obstacles could be removed.