• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2022

The importance of seismicity in developing countries and the strengthening of buildings is a topic of major importance. Therefore, the study of several solutions with the development of new technologies is of great importance to investigate the damage on retrofitted structures by using probabilistic methods. The Federal Emergency Management Agency considers three types of performance levels by considering different scenarios, intensity and duration. The selection and scaling of ground motions mainly depends on the aim of the study. Intensity-based assessments are the most common and compute the response of buildings for a specified seismic intensity. Assessments based on scenarios estimate the response of buildings to different earthquake scenarios. A risk-based assessment is considered as one of the most effective. This research represents a practical method for developing countries where exists many active faults, tall buildings and lack of good implementable approaches. Therefore, to achieve the main goal, two high-rise steel buildings have been modeled and assessed. The contribution of buckling-restrained braces in the elastic design of both buildings is firstly verified. In the nonlinear static range, both buildings presented repairable damage at the central top part and some life safety hinges at the bottom. The nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis was applied by 15 representative/scaled accelerograms to obtain levels of performance and fragility curves. The results shown that by using probabilistic methods, it is possible to estimate the probability of collapse of retrofitted buildings by buckling-restrained braces and tuned mass dampers, which are practical retrofitting options to protect existing structures against earthquakes.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2021

근 국내에서 발생한 대규모 지진으로 인해 국민의 지진에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 구조물의 내진성능관리에 대한 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 특히, 주요 도로시설물인 교량의 붕괴는 많은 인명피해로 직결되기 때문에, 교량의 지진취약도를 사전에 평가하고 대비를 하는 것이 중요하다. 최근에는 공용년수 30년 이상의 교량 구조물이 늘어나고 있어 교량의 노후화 영향에 대한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 교량의 부재별 노후화를 고려하여 대상 RC 슬래브 교량의 지진해석을 실시하였다. 교량의 부재는 지진응답에 지배적인 영향을 주는 교각과 교량받침에 대해서 고려하였다. 교량의 내진성능 응답은 비선형 정적 및 동적 해석을 통해 분석하였다. 또한, 각 부재의 한계상태와 동적응답을 사용하여 부재별 노후화에 따른 지진취약도 비교분석을 수행하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2022

Steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) L-shaped column is the vertical load-bearing member with high spatial adaptability. The seismic behavior of SRC L-shaped column is complex because of their irregular cross sections. In this study, the hysteretic performance of six steel truss reinforced concrete L-shaped columns specimens under the combined loading of compression, bending, shear, and torsion was tested. There were two parameters, i.e., the moment ratio of torsion to bending (γ) and the aspect ratio (column length-to-depth ratio (φ)). The failure process, torsion-displacement hysteresis curves, and bending-displacement hysteresis curves of specimens were obtained, and the failure patterns, hysteresis curves, rigidity degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation were analyzed. The experimental research indicates that the failure mode of the specimen changes from bending failure to bending-shear failure and finally bending-torsion failure with the increase of γ. The torsion-displacement hysteresis curves were pinched in the middle, formed a slip platform, and the phenomenon of "load drop" occurred after the peak load. The bending-displacement hysteresis curves were plump, which shows that the bending capacity of the specimen is better than torsion capacity. The results show that the steel truss reinforced concrete L-shaped columns have good collapse resistance, and the ultimate interstory drift ratio more than that of the Chinese Code of Seismic Design of Building (GB50011-2014), which is sufficient. The average value of displacement ductility coefficient is larger than rotation angle ductility coefficient, indicating that the specimen has a better bending deformation resistance. The specimen that has a more regular section with a small φ has better potential to bear bending moment and torsion evenly and consume more energy under a combined action.

• 공학기술논문지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

Large scale earthquake was occurred in different parts of the world like Japan (in 1995), Republic of Pakistan (2005), in China (2008) etc and enormous structures were damaged. As a result of collapse of school buildings structures numerous students are died and it had a big impact on the international community. Therefore, the interest of preparing the seismic resistant school building structures in our country is increases as school building are used as emergency shelter for local residents. But the current standard of seismic design ratio of 3.7% is applied for school building in Korea which is only significant earthquake damage is expected. In order to overcome the current situation, seismic performance evaluation is carried out for the existing school building and an accurate and appropriate seismic retrofit is required based on performance evaluation to upgrade the existing school buildings. In this paper, nonlinear analysis on existing school buildings for ATC-40(Applied Technology Council, ATC) and FEMA-356(Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA) are carried out using the capacity spectrum method to evaluate seismic performance and to determine the need for retrofitting. In addition, after reinforcement to enhance the seismic performance is applied the seismic performance evaluation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of seismic retrofit.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.439-453
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• 2023

Older brick masonry structures generally suffer from low strength defects. Using a cement mortar layer (CML) or steel-meshed cement mortar layer (S-CML) to reinforce existing low-strength brick masonry structures (LBMs) is still an effective means of increasing seismic performance. However, performance indices such as lateral displacement ratios and skeleton curves for LBMs reinforced with CML or S-CML need to be clarified in performance-based seismic design and evaluation. Therefore, research into the failure mechanisms and seismic performance of LBMs reinforced with CML or S-CML is imperative. In this study, thirty low-strength brick walls (LBWs) with different cross-sectional areas, bonding mortar types, vertical loads, and CML/S-CML thicknesses were constructed. The failure modes, load-carrying capacities, energy dissipation capacity and lateral drift ratio limits in different limits states were acquired via quasi-static tests. The results show that 1) the primary failure modes of UBWs and RBWs are "diagonal shear failure" and "sliding failure through joints." 2) The acceptable drift ratios of Immediate Occupancy (IO), Life Safety (LS), and Collapse Prevention (CP) for UBWs can be 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.3%, respectively. For 20-RBWs, the acceptable drift ratios of IO, LS, and CP for 20-RBWs can be 0.037%, 0.09%, and 0.41%, respectively. Moreover, the acceptable drift ratios of IO, LS, and CP for 40-RBWs can be 0.048%, 0.09%, and 0.53%, respectively. 3) Reinforcing low-strength brick walls with CML/S-CML can improve brick walls' bearing capacity, deformation, and energy dissipation capacity. Using CML/S-CML reinforcement to improve the seismic performance of old masonry houses is a feasible and practical choice.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2022

As a brittle failure mode, punching-shear failure can be widely found in traditional RC slab-column connections, which may lead to the entire collapse of a flat plate structure. In this paper, a novel RC slab-column connection with inner steel truss was proposed to enhance the punching strength. In the proposed connection, steel trusses, each of which was composed of four steel angles and a series of steel strips, were pre-assembled at the periphery of the column capital and behaved as transverse reinforcements. With the aim of exploring the punching behavior of this novel RC slab-column connection, a static punching test was conducted on two full-scaled RC slab specimens, and the crack patterns, failure modes, load-deflection and load-strain responses were thoroughly analyzed to explore the contribution of the applied inner steel trusses to the overall punching behavior. The test results indicated that all the test specimens suffered the typical punching-shear failure, and the higher punching strength and initial stiffness could be found in the specimen with inner steel trusses. The numerical models of tested specimens were analyzed in ABAQUS. These models were verified by comparing the results of the tests with the results of the analyzes, and subsequently the sensitivity of the punching capacity to different parameters was studied. Based on the test results, a modified critical shear crack theory, which could take the contribution of the steel trusses into account, was put forward to predict the punching strength of this novel RC slab-column connection, and the calculated results agreed well with the test results.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2023

Seismologists now suggest that the earth has entered an active seismic period; many earthquake-related events are occurring globally. Consequently, numerous casualties, as well as economic losses due to earthquakes, have been reported in recent years. Primarily, significant and colossal damage occurs in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with masonry infill wall systems, and the construction of these types of structures have increased worldwide. According to a report from the Ministry of Education in the Republic of Korea, many buildings were built with RC frames with masonry infill walls in the Republic of Korea during the 1980s. For years, most structures of this type have been school buildings, and since the Pohang earthquake in 2017, the government of the Republic of Korea has paid close attention to this social event and focused on damage from earthquakes. From a long-term research perspective, damage from structural collapse due to the short column effect has been a major concern, specifically because the RC frame with a masonry infill wall system is the typical form of structure for school buildings. Therefore, the short column effect has recently been a major topic for research. This study compares one RC frame with four different types of RC frames with masonry infill wall systems. Structural damage due to the short column effect is clearly analyzed, as the result of this research is giving in a higher infill wall system produces a greater shear force on the connecting point between the infill wall system and the column. The study is expected to be a useful reference for research on the short column effect in RC frames with masonry infill wall systems.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2012

사회적 생활 환경이 향상되고 도시개발이 안정화됨에 따라 신규 주택건설공사에 대한 요구는 점진적으로 감소하고 있다. 이에, 신축 보다는 정비를 통해 구조물의 사용수명을 연장시키는 리모델링의 중요성이 강조되고 있으며, 이와 관련된 많은 연구들이 진행중에 있다. 그러나 국내의 경우 리모델링 해체공사를 위한 구조해석 관련 기준이 미흡한 실정이다. 국내 보고된 리모델링 해체 공사도중에 발생한 사고중 슬래브 붕괴사고는 다수를 차지하고 있으며, 대형사고로 발전할 수 있는 위험성을 내포하고 있어 리모델링 해체공사에 적용할 수 있는 구조해석 관련 기준의 개발은 중요하면서도 시급하다. 슬래브의 경우 하중을 직접적으로 저항하기 때문에 균열에 취약해 질수 있고 균열이 발생할 경우 리모델링의 근본취지에 어긋남과 동시에 붕괴사고의 원인이 될 수 있으므로, 초기균열을 억제함은 상당히 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 슬래브 구조물의 초기균열을 억제하기 위한 기준을 마련하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 슬래브 구조물의 구조적 거동과 관련된 주요 요소로는 구조물의 형상과 구조물에 작용하는 하중이 있다. 슬래브 구조물의 형상과 작용하중과의 상호관계를 파악하기 위해 국내 아파트 평면도를 분석하였으며, 해체잔해물의 단위중량, 콘크리트 강도 등과 관련된 자료를 분석하였다. 분석결과를 활용하여 유한요소해석을 실시하였으며, 유한요소해석결과 주요 하중요소인 해체잔해물의 적재제한높이 및 적재방법에 대해 검토할 수 있었다. 또한, 소형해체장비의 이동에 따른 슬래브의 구조적 거동을 파악하기 위해 동적, 정적 재하실험을 실시하였으며, 실험결과 이동하중에 따른 충격의 영향을 반영할 수 있는 충격계수를 결정할 수 있었다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.675-682
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• 2015

미국 AASHTO LRFD(AASHTO, 2012)나 국내의 도로교설계기준(2012)의 차랑충돌에 대한 교각설계기준을 참조하면 교각 설계 시 차량충돌에 대해 정적인 하중을 고려하도록 제시하고 있다. 한편 2003년 미국 네브래스카 주에 트럭이 교각에 충돌하여 교각 및 교량 상부구조가 붕괴되는 사고가 발생하는 등 차량충돌에 의한 교량붕괴사고는 홍수에 의한 교량붕괴사고에 이은 두 번째 요인으로 분류되기도 한다. 화물차량의 대형화와 도로시스템의 개선으로 인하여 이러한 사고가 발생할 가능성이 중가하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 교각 설계시 차량충돌에 대한 동적 해석을 수행하게 되면 많은 비용과 시간이 소요되어 실용적인 측면에서 연구결과가 쉽게 반영되지 못하고 있으므로 충돌해석 비용과 시간을 저감할 수 있는 모델축소법(model reduction)을 이용한 해석방법을 개발하였으며 그 효용성을 최종변위에 대해 직접충돌해석결과와 비교함으로써 평가하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.249-260
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• 2004

철근콘크리트 교각의 소성힌지 구간에서의 축방향철근의 겹침이음은 내진성능면에서 바람직하지 않으나, 축방향철근의 겹침이음을 피하는 철근상세가 현실적으로 어려운 실정이며 현행 도로교설계기준에는 축방향철근 겹침이음 금지에 관한 특별한 설계기준이 없는 상태이다. 본 연구는 반복하중을 받는 철근콘크리트 원형교각의 축방향철근 연결상세에 따른 내진성능을 평가하기 위해 축방향철근 연결상세에 따른 7개 그룹 총 21개의 원형나선철근 기둥 시험체에 대한 준정적실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 축방향철근이 겹침이음 되어있는 시험체의 경우, 단일 축방향철근으로 구성된 시험체보다 낮은 내진성능을 나타내었으며 특히, 모든 축방향철근이 겹침이음 되어있는 경우 내진성능이 상당히 저하되었다. 그러나, 축방향철근을 기계적 연결장치로 연결한 시험체의 경우 단일축방향철근 상세를 가지는 시험체와 유사한 내진성능을 나타내었다. 본 연구의 최종목적은 철근콘크리트 교각의 시공성 향상을 위한 축방향철근 연결상세의 제시 및 한정연성 내진설계를 위한 실험적 기초자료의 제공과 함께 성능단계별 축방향철근 연결상세에 따른 성능 및 손상평가를 위한 정량적 수치와 경향을 제공하기 위한 것이며, 극한변위, 극한드리프트비율, 변위연성도, 응답수정계수, 등가점성감쇠비, 잔류변형지수, 유효강성 등의 주요 내진성능평가 변수들에 대한 분석결과를 나타내었다.