• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.1 s.108
• /
• pp.93-108
• /
• 2005

Fresh Kills is the largest landfill in the world located in the west side of Staten Island, New York. The landfill served as a storage area for New York City's trash for more than 50 years. After years of civilian and political pressure, state and local legislation decided its closure of landfill operation in Fresh Kills in March 2001. Soon after, Department of City Planning announced a Fresh Kills international design com-petition: 'Landfill to Landscape'. The winning entry was promised to be outline for the redevelopment of the 2,200 acre site which the size of three times Central Park. Forty-eight teams representing more than 200 offices from around world submitted proposals, from which six finalists that mostly led by landscape architects were selected. In December 2001, a jury of architects, landscape architects and city officials unanimously selected Field Operations as the winner. The plan, named Lifescape, visualizes the gradual 20-year transformation of the whole Staten Island into a 'natural lifestyle island' recognizing that Staten Island is home to coastal wetlands that shelter one of the most diverse ecosystems in the New York metropolitan area. It suggested that an ecologically reconstituted Fresh Kills could become the center of integrated parks and greenways system on the island otherwise fragmented. The project will be one of the largest and most ambitious undertakings in the metropolis in years developing a complex web of habitats and parklands on top of mountain of trash. This study tries to achieve two goals: One is to provide general explanations on the project, Lifescape, breaking down to its background, geographical context, design concepts and phased development plan. Another is to introduce the unique and innovative design approaches by Field Operations that are different from a conventional landscape architectural attitude. Since this project was well published through many magazines and newspapers, main focus will be upon aspects that differentiate this project from usual landscape projects. Conceptually Lifescape brought provocative notions on nature/culture relationship and the role of urban park as an active agency rather than just a green rest area. Also this project introduced pioneering graphics like plan collage, diagrammatic plan, phasing diagram and photo montage as vehicles conveying information, imagination and provocation. Witnessing the influence of the project gradually in the field of academic and practice in the States, this study is intended to become a constructive reference to similar landscape projects dealing with large and complex urban context in conjunction with restructure of contemporary city.

• ALGAE
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.121-137
• /
• 2015

Studies on carbon flux in the oceans have been highlighted in recent years due to increasing awareness about climate change, but the coastal ecosystem remains one of the unexplored fields in this regard. In this study, the dynamics of carbon flux in a vegetative coastal ecosystem were examined by an evaluation of net and gross ecosystem production (NEP and GEP) and $CO_2$ exchange rates (net ecosystem exchange, NEE). To estimate NEP and GEP, community production and respiration were measured along different habitat types (eelgrass and macroalgal beds, shallow and deep sedimentary, and deep rocky shore) at Gwangyang Bay, Korea from 20 June to 20 July 2007. Vegetative areas showed significantly higher ecosystem production than the other habitat types. Specifically, eelgrass beds had the highest daily GEP ($6.97{\pm}0.02g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$), with a large amount of biomass and high productivity of eelgrass, whereas the outer macroalgal vegetation had the lowest GEP ($0.97{\pm}0.04g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$). In addition, macroalgal vegetation showed the highest daily NEP ($3.31{\pm}0.45g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$) due to its highest P : R ratio (2.33). Furthermore, the eelgrass beds acted as a $CO_2$ sink through the air-seawater interface according to NEE data, with a carbon sink rate of $0.63mg\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Overall, ecosystem production was found to be extremely high in the vegetated systems (eelgrass and macroalgal beds), which occupy a relatively small area compared to the unvegetated systems according to our conceptual diagram of a carbon-flux box model. These results indicate that the vegetative ecosystems showed significantly high capturing efficiency of inorganic carbon through coastal primary production.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.474-485
• /
• 2002

The object of this study is to investigate the contamination degree and the interpretation of sea water intrusion phenomena with hydrogeochemical and hydrogen-oxygen stable isotope of coastal aquifer in the Gogum area, Korea. The physical characteristics of groundwaters is the neutral pH condition and transitional Redox environments, and groundwater is affected by sea water & surface water. The chemical properties of groundwaters are showing an increase in contamination owing to the sea water intrusion, waste water from the surface and agricultural chemicals. In the case of chloride, 6 samples of the groundwater in the study area are in excess of the drinking water standard. The Piper diagram shows the contamination in GG-4 and 14 by sea water intrusion. GG-3, 7 and 13 dominate the Na-HCO$_{3}$ type water and regional (GG-14) is indicated to dominate the Na-Cl type water such as sea water. According to the Sl (saturation index), sea water is oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, GG-3, 14 and 18 are approaching the saturation state. The hydrogen-oxygen stable isotope ratio of groundwaters originates in the meteoric water, and groundwaters of GG-1, 5 and 14 display high oxygen isotope value due to surface water trespass and sea water intrusion. The result of this study, GG-14 is contaminated by sea water intrusion, groundwaters expected GG-3, 7 and 13 is in progress to artificial pollution and sea water intrusion.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.240-247
• /
• 2007

Geological information can be used for various purposes, such as the mine development, landuse, environmental protection, construction industry, and the development of water resource. Although geological information is highly useful for developing industrial raw materials, national land management and people's welfare, there is no unified public institution in charge of collecting and managing geological information at the national level. Thus, the government is to collect geological information, to construct database and to utilize and to distribute the information in a long-term and systematic way, the purpose of this study is to propose strategies for establishing an integrated geological information management system. In this study, we A) analyzed the current state and management of geological information in Korea and other countries; B) surveyed demand for geological information and analyzed correlations; C) drew up a conceptual diagram of the national integrated geological information management system; and D) developed strategies for establishing the national integrated geological information management system.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.15-25
• /
• 2013

The RIMGIS(River Information Management GIS) has been developed since 2000 for public service and practical applications of related works after the standardization of national river data such as the river facility register report, river survey map, attached map, and etc. The RIMGIS has been improved in order to respond proactively to change in the information environment. Recently, Smart River-based river information services and related data have become so large as to be overwhelming, making necessary improvements in managing big data. In this study a plan was suggested both to respond to these changes in the information environment and to provide a future Smart River-based river information service by understanding the current state of RIMGIS, improving RIMGIS itself, redesigning the database, developing distribution, and integrating river information systems. Therefore, primary and foreign key, which can distinguish attribute information and entity linkages, were redefined to increase the usability of RIMGIS. Database construction of attribute information and entity relationship diagram have been newly redefined to redesign linkages among tables from the perspective of a river standard database. In addition, this study was undertaken to expand the current supplier-oriented operating system to a demand-oriented operating system by establishing an efficient management of river-related information and a utilization system capable of adapting to the changes of a river management paradigm.

• Geotechnical Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.25-40
• /
• 1994

In order to investigate behavior of lateral flow by plasticity of soils and construction control due to it, in the case of unsymmetrical surcharge load on the soft soils, we examine the existing theoretical background, and compared and analysed the experimental results by model test. After model test fabricated by model test apparatus, which made full remolding samples of soft soils, we observed the state of behavior for deformation with increasing load step to constant time interval. The critical surcharge and ultimate capacity showed tendency to approach to the proposed value of Jaky and Meyerhof, and the lateral flow pressure of which the maximum value was acted on the depth calculated by z/H=0.26+1.71cu and one third value of the maximum lateral flow pressure acted on the ground surface, approach the trapezoid distribution And maximum lateral flow pressure will be calculated by proposed equation of Hong or simple equation which($\alpha=0.4$) the flow pressure coefficient . of proposed equation by Tschebotarioff exchanged to($\alpha=K_0$) . Basides, the failure surcharge by [(q/$y_m$)-q] and [$S_y-(y_m/S_y)$] showed the smaller than ultimate bearing capacity, especially failure criteria line of control diagram of [$S_y(y_m/S_y)$] will be calculated by following equation. $S_y.=3.15exp[-0.58(y_m/S_y)$

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.55-68
• /
• 1999

A muti-lamellar emulsion containing a pseudoceramide, N-Ethanol-2-myristyl/ palmityl-3-oxostearmide/arachidamide(PC-9) has been prepared and its efficacy evaluation has been investigated. In order to prepare a muti-lamellar emulsion, first, the gram ratios of PC-9, fatty acid and cholesterol on the phase diagram to be capable of forming their lamellar liquid crystal structures were determined and secondly, the multi-lamellar emulsion was preprared using glyceryl monostearate and polyoxyethylene glyceryl monosteartate as emulsifers together with above mentioned pseudo-stratum corneum lipid components. Besides natural oils such as olive oil had a tendency to build up the multi-lamellar emulsion. And according as the amount of oil increased in the emulsion, it was observed that the optical anisotropy of “Maltese Cross” which was a typical configuration of multi-lamella mesophase texture diminished. In the dried state of the multi-lamella emulsion, it was examined to transform its emulsion phase into a lamella liquid crystal one. And finally, when the emulsion was applied into a human skin, it was investigated that it had effectiveness in reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of the skin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.59 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1983

Classification on the group of Salix pseudo-lasiogyne growing in Korea, was conducted using cluster analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis. Thirty-six characters(Table 2) of the 5 basis species were measured. The phenograms and ordination plot showing the relationships between the species were made by applying the cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Five important factors, such as leaf blade width, number of right serration, angle of leaf apex, number of flowers in an ament, and the ratio of petiole length to width, were inferred from the rotated factor matrix, and their state values were presented in polygonal diagram. Salix pseduo-lasiogyne and S. babylonica were similarly correlated and linked in one group, S. dependens and S. matsudana for tortuosa were secondarily linked in the other group. S. koreensis appeared as an aliemated species from each of the two groups.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.141-148
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to define the emotion that expressed in step animation and to quantify the intuitional expression of emotion that related step for using extract, measure, analysis the stimulate element about step. The survey of relation with 27 word of emotional expressions and 36 moving pictures of step sample is used for method of this test. The emotional mental structure is transferred to 2 dimensional planes as applying the results of analysis of integrated data using Quantification Method 3, which the integrated data is composed two axial - confidential axial and stabling axial. Analysis of distribution of 2 dimensional diagram shows that the second of the plane and the third of the plane have much data. However, the first of the plane and the forth of the plane have a little data. Through this kind of analysis of graph, it is difficult to express a different emotion between unstable the timidity mind and stable feel the timidity mind using only step analysis. Six difference types about physical elements affecting to emotion are selected and analyzed such as the paces of step, the rate of step, the movement angle of pelvis, the swing range of arm, angle of backbone and the lean angle of body. The result is that the rate of stop and the lean angle of body are the major element that effects to emotional stimulate of stop. This thesis argues about methods transforming subjective expression to objective and quantitative expression with the state of delicate emotion of character apply to step animation naturally. Those data to apply to multi-contents in future are the main target in this study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.261-267
• /
• 2011

ACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) has long been recognized as one of most toxic elements. Application of organic amendments and phosphate fertilizers can decrease the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to evaluate effect of combined application of phosphate fertilizer and manure in reducing cadmium phytoavailability in heavy metal contaminated soil. Phosphate fertilizers [Fused and super phosphate (FSP) and $K_2HPO_4$ (DPP)] and manure (M) were applied as single application (FSP, DPP, and M) to combined application (FSP+M and DPP+M) before radish seeding. $K_2HPO_4$ decreased $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd and plant Cd concentration, mainly due to increases in soil pH and negative charge. However, FSP increased $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd and plant Cd concentration. Manure significantly increased soil pH and negative charge. Combined application of phosphate fertilizer and manure were much more effective in reducing Cd phytoavailability than a simple application of each component. Calculated solubility diagram indicated that Cd concentrations in the solution of soils amended with phosphate fertilizers and manure were undersaturated with respect to all potential Cd minerals [$Cd_3(PO_4)_2$, $CdCO_3$, $Cd(OH)_2$, and $CdHPO_4$]. Plant Cd concentration and $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd were negatively related to soil pH and negative charge. CONCLUSION: Alleviation of Cd phytoavailability with phosphate fertilizer and manure can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd and phosphate precipitation. Therefore, combined application of alkaline phosphate materials and manure is effective for reducing Cd phytoavailability.