• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.733-739
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the growth performance between six different Korean crossbred native chickens. A total of 312 one-day-old male chickens from the same paternal line with six different maternal lines were allocated into six groups (1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, and 6A) to give four replicate cages (13 birds per cage). Corn soybean meal based diets were provided as a starter (0 - 5 weeks: 20% crude protein [CP] and 3,050 kcal/kg metabolizable energy [ME]), grower (5 - 8 weeks: 18% CP, 3 and 100 kcal/kg ME) and finisher (8 - 12 weeks: 17% CP and 3,150 kcal/kg ME) diet. Chickens were able to access their respective feed and water ad libitum. In week 2, 2A had a lower body weight (p < 0.05) than that of the other groups. In contrast, in weeks 4 and 8, 2A had a higher body weight (p < 0.05). Similarly, in week 6, 2A had a higher body weight (p = 0.76) than that of the others. However, no difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the body weight after week 10. Meanwhile, 2A had a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than that of the other groups (p < 0.05) and a higher average daily feed intake (ADFI; p < 0.05) compared to the other groups in week 6. In conclusion, crossbred 2A had a lower growth performance in week 2; however, in weeks 4 and 6, 2A had a higher growth performance than that of the other groups. Based on this conclusion, we can use those results as a basis for further study.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.171-178
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• 2021

A comparative study was conducted to examine the effects of mixed and separate gender feeding on growth performance of Korean native chickens (KNC) against a white semi-broiler (WSB) and a commercial broiler (CB) over five weeks. 576 chicks were used with eight birds per cage in a randomized complete block design with 18 replicates per breed. For the KNC lines, three groups of male (M), female (F) and mixed-gender (FM) were used. Fresh water and feed were supplied on an ad-libitum basis. Birds were fed a standard starter (d 1 - 22) and grower diet (d 23 - 35). Body weight (BW), feed intake, and shank length (SL) were measured weekly. From the BW and feed consumed data, the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. The commercial broiler showed higher performance (p < 0.05) for all the indices measured for the entire period. The CB group consumed more feed and were more feed-efficient thus grew faster. This group was followed by the white semi-broiler and the KNC, in order. An intra-breed comparison for KNCs revealed that the males showed better growth performance with longer SL (p < 0.05) compared to the female and mixed-gender groups. The results showed that other than the breed type, mixed and separate gender feeding impacted on the growth performance of the two lines of Korean native chickens. Males for both lines of KNC generally performed better for the parameters measured, as determined by a greater BW and reduced FCR.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2021

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing enzyme cocktail on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, and monosaccharide concentration in ileum and ceca of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. A total of 600 male broilers (42.26 ± 1.76 g, 0 day old) were used for 35 days of feeding trial consisting of 2 phases (starter phase from d 0 to 21 and finisher phase from d 21 to 35). Four dietary treatments were prepared based on wheat diets containing four levels of enzyme cocktail supplementation at 0, 0.2, 0.3, and 20 g/kg. Overall, dietary enzyme cocktail supplementation decreased feed conversion ratio (linear p = 0.007; quadratic p = 0.013) and improved (linear p < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides. The apparent total tract digestibility of DM and gross energy were increased (linear p < 0.01) with increasing supplementation levels of the dietary enzyme cocktail. The concentrations of arabinose, xylose, mannose, and glucose in ileal digesta were linearly increased (p < 0.01) with increasing enzyme cocktail supplementation levels. In addition, the quadratic effect was observed (quadratic p = 0.046) in mannose concentration of ileal digesta. The concentration of arabinose, xylose, mannose, and galactose in cecal digesta was increased (linear p < 0.05) with increasing dietary enzyme cocktail supplementation levels. The supplementation of enzyme cocktail efficiently increased the utilization of nutrients in broiler and there was no adverse effects of high dosage supplementation level.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.197-208
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• 2021

The deer antler has been used as a major drug in oriental medicine for a long time. Recently, the demand for easy-to-take health functional foods is increasing due to economic development and changes in diet. As part of research on the development of functional materials for antlers, lactic acid fermentation of antler extract was performed. It was intended to develop a functional material with enhanced total polyphenol and flavonoid content and enhanced antioxidant activity. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation was performed by adding 4 types of lactic acid bacteria starter products, B. longum, Lb. Plantarum, Lb. acidophilus and mixture of 8 types of lactic acid bacteria to the antler water extract substrate, respectively. During the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, the number of proliferation, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging and antioxidant activity were quantified and evaluated. As a result of adding these four types of lactic acid bacteria to the antler water extract substrate, the number of lactic acid bacteria measured was 2.04~5.00×107. Meanwhile, a protease (Baciullus amyloliquefaciens culture: Maxazyme NNP DS) was added to the antler extract to decompose the peptide bonds of the contained proteins. Then, these four types of lactic acid bacteria were added and the number of lactic acid bacteria increased to 2.84×107 ~ 2.21×108 as the result of culture. The total polyphenol contents were 4.82~6.26 ㎍/mL in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the reaction of protease enzyme and lactic fermentation, increased to 14.27~20.58 ㎍/mL. The total flavonoid contents were 1.52~2.21 ㎍/ml in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the protease reaction and fermentation, increased to 5.59 ~ 8.11 mg/mL. DPPH radical scavenging activities of lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts was 17.03~22.75%, but after the protease reaction and fermentation, remarkably increased to 32.82~42.90%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a silicate mineral (D Lite) on growth performance, nutrient retention, carcass characteristics and meat quality in broiler chicks. A total of 640 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 40 broilers in each replicate. Dietary treatments were as follows: control (0% D Lite), and diets supplemented with 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% of D Lite. The starter and finisher diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and d 21 to 35, respectively. Body weight gain during starter (p<0.05), finisher (p=0.057) and overall (p<0.001) experimental period and feed intake (p<0.05) during starter period decreased quadratically with increasing dietary D Lite levels. The birds fed 0.15% D Lite showed the greatest (p<0.05) overall weight gain, feed intake and retention of gross energy and calcium. There were no differences (p>0.05) in carcass characteristics, organ weights and breast meat composition. However, as the level of D Lite was increased in the diet there was a linear decrease in the TBARS values of breast meat (p<0.05) at d 12 of storage. These results suggest that D Lite supplementation at the level of 0.15% is shown to be effective in improving performance and nutrient retention in broilers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2021

The study determined the effects of stock density (SD) and energy level (EL) on growth performance, serum biochemistry, and meat quality in Korean native chickens. A total of 240 chickens were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments including two stock density (low, 14, and high, 16 chickens per m²) and two energy level (low, 2,950, 3,000, 3050 ME kcal/kg, and high 3,150, 3,200, 3,250 ME kcal/kg, for starter, grower, and finisher, respectively). During the whole period of the experiment, the chickens were fed ad libitum. The greater final body weight and weight gain were achieved in chickens fed high energy diet, whereas the final body weight and weight gain were significantly reduced in high-density treatment compared with the low density. Chickens in low-density groups had a higher feed intake compared with high-density treatment, however, the energy level did not affect the feed intake. An improved overall feed conversion ratio was detected in the high energy treatment. There was a significant interaction between stock density and energy level on cholesterol concentration. The concentration of aspartate transaminase in serum was increased by higher stock density. There was a significant treatment interaction on IgM levels. Moreover, the carcass rate was significantly increased in the high energy level treatment. Based on the findings, we suggest that rearing chickens in low density with high dietary energy levels could be beneficial by improving the growth performance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2002

In this study, the effects of alfalfa hay included in different ratios of 60%(A), 50%(B), 40%(C) and 30%(D) for the diets of young weaned Korean native goats were investigated on feed intake, digestibilities of nutrients, nitrogen retention, average daily gain and feed efficiency. Crude protein contents of experimental diets were 18% in all treatments. The contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were higher in A as 26.1, 37.0 and 9.0% compared to the lowest values in D of 20.3, 30.4 and 6.6%. However the contents of non-structural carbohydrates was in the opposite tendency. Daily feed intake (DM) was highest in A (414.4g) and B (417.7g) and significantly (p<0.05) lower in D(362.6g). Dry matter intake per metabolic basal weight (DM g/kg of $BW^{0.75}$ ) were highest in A(73.9g) and lowest in D(64.0g). Average daily gain and feed efficiencies were in the range of 33.3~48.7g and 8.1~13.4% respectively with no statistical differences, however with the increasing trends according to higher percent of roughage in the diets. Digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ADF, NBF, crude ash (CA) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) were in the tendency of becoming higher according to higher ratios of concentrate but becoming lower according to higher ratio of alfalfa hay in the diets fed to Korean native goats. Nitrogen retention was lowest in A (1.8g, 15.5%) and highest in D (2.7g, 25.7%). In overall, inclusion of 30~40% alfalfa hay as a roughage in the diets of weaned Korean native goats was superior to the higher rates of inclusion of alfalfa hay in aspects of average daily gain and feed efficiency. The fixed 18% of crude protein content in the diets was efficient for the growth of weaned goats.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 2011

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase on the growth performance, excreta excretion, and N and P excretion of broilers for 7 weeks. One hundred ninety two Ross broiler (one-day-old) with average weight $44.7{\pm}1.5$ g were assigned randomly to 4 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $2{\times}2$ complex factors of sex of broiler male, female) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 300 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; earlier, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~7 wk). The experimental diets included that phytase was added to the basal diet. Body weight was high at male treatment and at phytase treatment. Feed intake was high at male treatment and was no difference between phytase and non-phytase treatment. Feed efficiency was the highest at male and phytase treatment. Manure excretion was high at male treatment and reduced at phytase treatment. Excretion of N and P was high at male treatment and at non-phytase treatment. Finally, when phyase was added to basal diet, the growth performance of broilers was improved and excreta excretion and N and P excretion of broilers were decreased.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) in broiler diet on ileal amino acid digestibility and broiler performance. In experiment 1, TMEn of CGGDS ranged from 2,863 to 2,976 kcal/kg and averaged 2,904 kcal/kg on an 86% DM basis. In experiment 2, 192 male Ross broilers (one-day-old) were assigned randomly to 4 dietary treatment groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as CDDGS levels (0, 6, 12 and 18%) and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter ($0{\sim}2wk$); grower ($2{\sim}4wk$); finisher ($4{\sim}6wk$)). There was no difference in BWG of the chicks. However, feed intake and feed efficiency of chicks fed with non CDDGS groups were better than those of chicks fed with CDDGS fed groups (P<0.05). The amino acid digestibilities of diets containing CDDGS were high for phosphorus but low for lysine, threonine, aspartic acid, cystine and glycine (P<0.05) in the treatments compared to those of the control diet. This study showed that CDDGS has a high ME value and the treatments were low for the ileal amino acid digestibility, but there was no effect on the broiler performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.388-395
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• 2009

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of early feed restriction (FR, 8 to 14 d of age) on growth performance and immune function in broiler chickens. Birds were fed corresponding diets from 3 to 35 d of age, which consisted of three phases: starter (3 to 7 d of age), FR (8 to 14 d of age) and re-alimentation (15 to 35 d of age) phases. During the FR period, each group of birds was fed the basal diet ad libitum (CON), 85% (EN85) and 70% (EN70) of lower calorie diet ad libitum (qualitative FR), and 85% (FI85) and 70% (FI70) of voluntary intake on a daily basis (quantitative FR). As a result, there was no statistical difference in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio between the CON and quantitative or qualitative FR groups during the entire (3 to 35 d) periods. In particular, the EN85 group resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in weight gain compared with the EN70, FI85 and FI70 groups. Plasma total protein and albumin at 14 d of age (during FR) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the quantitative and qualitative FR groups, but these parameters at 35 d of age (after re-alimentation) were higher (p<0.05) in the EN85 and EN70 groups than in the CON group. Plasma IgG level was unaffected by dietary FR procedure. In cytokines, there was no significant difference in the expression of lymphocytic IL-4 and IFN-${\gamma}$ at 14 d of age between the FR and the CON groups, whereas lymphocytic IL-6 and iNOS expression were significantly (p<0.05) lower in FI85 and FI70 groups. Moreover, lymphocytic iNOS was also significantly (p<0.05) lower in birds fed qualitative and quantitative diets compared with those fed ad libitum. In the thymus, IL-4 expression was higher (p<0.05) in FI85 and FI70 groups, whereas IL-6 expression was lower (p<0.05) in the FI85 and FI70 groups than in the CON group. Thymic iNOS was significantly (p<0.05) lower in birds fed qualitatively and quantitatively restricted diets compared with those fed ad libitum. At 35 d of age, there was no difference in the expression of IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$ of lymphocytes and thymus between the FR and CON groups. In conclusion, 85% of quantitative and qualitative FR would have a beneficial effect on the expression of some cytokines including IL-4 and iNOS without change in growth performance of birds.