• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.657-663
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• 1996

The API STAPH system was compared with conventional methods for identification of 214 strains of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus isolated from cases of exudative epidermitis in piglets, skin of healthy pigs, skin of healthy chickens and bovine intramammary infections, and biochemical characteristics among the swine, avian and bovine strains were also compared. All of the swine and bovine strains produced acid within 24 hours from fructose, lactose and trehalose by conventional methods, but some of the avian strains showed a delayed positive reaction in these carbohydrates. These delayed positive strains in conventional methods gave usually negative results for them in the API STAPH system. With the API STAPH system, eighteen different profile numbers were encountered in 214 strains of swine, avian and bovine origin. The swine and bovine strains, respectively, were distributed among 4 profiles, while the avian strains were distributed among 17 profiles. The profile number observed most frequently in the strains of each animal species was uniformly 6 516 153. By conventional methods, approximately 96% of the swine strains were positive for ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, but not in any strains from chickens and cattle. For hyaluronidase production determined by degradation of sodium hyaluronidate in a solid culture medium, all the swine and bovine strains were positive, but only 37.5% of the avian strains were positive for it. From these findings, there were differences in the production of extracellular active substances between swine strains of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus and those isolated from chickens and cattle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 1987

A total of 204 strains of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus isolated from piglets suffering from exudative epidermitis and healthy pigs were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The growth of all isolates of Staph. hyicus subsp. hyicus tested was inhibited by cloxacillin(Cx) at a concentration of $0.8{\mu}g/ml$ and by cefazolin (Cf) at a concentration of $0.4{\mu}g/ml$, and by gentamicin and methicillin at a minimum inhibitory concentration of $3.2{\mu}g/ml$. Of total isolates obtained from the diseased and healthy pigs, 69.6% were resistant to penicillin G, 53.4% to tetracycline, 11.8% to kanamycin and 0.5% to chloramphenicol, with considerable variations among farms in the occurrence of resistant strains and resistance patterns to the drugs. By application of Cx or Cf which was active to the organism, piglets exposed to infection were successfully protected from the disease, but piglets suffering from already severe exudative epidermitis did not respond to treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 1991

Between June and August 1990, the tonsils of 86 healthy pigs were examined for the presence of staphylococci. All of the pigs examined harboured Staphylococci in the tonsils, the most predominant Staphylococcus species was Staphylococcus aureus(45.3%) followed by Staph hyicus subsp chromogenes (20.9%), Staph hyicus subsp hyicus (16.3%), Staph hominis(4.7%), Staph simulans(2.3%) and Staph xylosus(1.2%), Unidentifiable species were isolated from 3(3.5%) of the 86 tonsils examined. Thirty-nine strains of Staph aureus were subjected to the biotyping scheme of Hajek & Marsalek all the strains were classified as biotype B.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 1990

In order to know the prevalence of S. hyicus subsp hyicus in pigs, attempts were made to isolate the organism from 549 healthy adult pigs, 277 healthy suckling piglets and 17 piglets with exudative epidermitis from April 1988 to January 1989 in Chinju, Korea. Also determined was antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates. Isolation rates of S. hyicus subsp. hyicus from adult pigs and suekling piglets were 27.0% and 53.1%, respectively. The organism was isolated predominantly from abdomen (10.9%) of adult pigs and external ear (31.6%) of suckling piglets. Isolation rates of the organism from piglets of different age group were in order of prevalence of 1(82.1%), 3(74.0%), 2(54.7%), 4(52.9%), 5(15.2%) and 6(5.7%) post-natal weeks. All of 489 isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, kanamycin and cephalexin but 23.7~79.6% of the strains were resistant to erythromycin, penicillin G and tetracycline. The 49.2% of these resistant strains exhibited multiple drug resistance. The drug resistant patterns most frequently encountered were PG TC EM(10.7%) in triple pattern, PG TC(23.0%) in double pattern and TC(44.4%) in single pattern.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2003

The lytic activity of the set of swine and chicken phages which were derived from lysogenic Staphylococcus hyicus strains of swine and chicken origin was compared by means of S. hyicus isolated from swine, chicken and cattle. Of the 80 strains each from swine and chicken, 71 (88.8%) of strains from swine and all the strains of chicken origin were found to be lysogenic. Swine phages showed wider range of lytic activity to the examined strains than that of chicken phages. Using chicken phages at $100{\times}routine$ test dilution (RTD), 25.0%, 85.6% and 50.0% of swine, chicken and bovine strains were lysed, respectively. However, when the set of swine phages was used at $100{\times}RTD$, higher frequency of the typable strains was found in strains of swine and chicken origin (73.8% and 90.2%). Phage F12 and L16 from chicken set were found to be highly active with chicken and bovine strains. On the contrary, all the swine strains were completely resistant to lysis by the two phages at $100{\times}RTD$. Thirteen (12.5%) of 104 S. aureus strains, 1 (1.8%) of 55 S. simudance strains, 31 (58.5%) of 53 S. chromo genes strains, and none of 31 strains of other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitis were typable with the set of swine phages.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.143-146
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• 2017

Porcine ear necrosis syndrome is characterized by erosive and ulcerative lesions at the margin or tip of the pinna. Three growing pigs of different ages exhibited retarded growth accompanied by reddening and necrosis of ear prior to death. Gross examination showed reddening, swelling, black discoloration, scaling, and variable-sized yellowish materials and edema in ear cross section. Microscopically, thrombosis, abscess, ulceration, epidermal hyperplasia, and dermal pyogranulomatous inflammation with an intralesional bacterial colony were observed. Staphylococcus hyicus was isolated in all pigs' ears and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was detected by PCR and immunohistochemistry.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.787-799
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• 1994

To elucidate morphologic lesion of porcine exudative epidermitis which is occurred sporadically in Korea, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus isolated from the naturally affected pigs was inoculated to suckling pigs. The infected piglets were observed grossly and histopathologically. Although affected piglets were taking acute, subacute, or chronic course, some piglets suffered from chronic disease showed poor prognosis and marked growth depression. Affected peglets had erythematous skin on the face, ear, and abdomen and these localized lesions appear as brownish spots of exudative epidermitis and fromed crust in the early stage. But, after this stage, the skin were covered by viscous greasy exudate and formed blackish brown crust and appeared fissures and hypertrophy. Grossly, there has been hemorrhage with the removal of crust-like materials of epidermis and edematous subcutis. The superficial lymph nodes were edematous and swollen or congested and hemorrhagic. Some piglets had swollen ureters, cysts in the renal cortex, or polyarthritis. A few cases had mild edematous swelling of kidney, intestinal catarrh and congestion of brain. Microscopically, skin lesions had detachment of keralinized layer and parakeratosis of epidermis, hydropic degeneration of epidermal cell, and retrogressive degeneration of hair root sheath. Dermis had edema, and infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. As the disease was proceeded, there was marked perivasculitis with lots of mononuclear inflammatory cells. More chronic lesions formed granuloma-like bodies(nodules) due to more mononuclear, perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferation of fibroblast. Lots of plasma cells and eosinophils were also present in dermis. Epidermis was hyperplastic by proliferation of basal cells stratum germinativum and epidermal pegs often extended into the dermis. In secondary infection, lots of neutrophils could be seen in epidermis and derms. Kidney had neutrophilic infiltration, necrotic and cystic glomeruli, and dilation of renal tubules and ureters. Purulent arthritis was sometimes observed in joints. Three days old mice administrated Staphylococcus hyicus subsp hyicus subcutaneously before had focal congestion and hemorrhage, necrosis, and subcutaneous edema of the skin. This observation was also seen in the study of mice administrated exfoliatin toxin of Staphylococcus which evoked human staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.241-244
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• 2020

Three neonatal pigs from the same litter in a domestic farm were born with skin lesions. Grossly, multiple well-circumscribed, round papules distributed over the skin of the three piglets. Two piglets were submitted for a diagnosis of skin disease. Microscopically, epidermal hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration of stratum spinosum keratinocytes was observed. Some keratinocytes contained eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions and a central nuclear vacuole and chromatin margination. Swinepox (SWP) virus was detected by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing, and Staphylococcus hyicus was isolated in skin lesions. Based on the gross findings and laboratory results, these piglets were diagnosed with congenital SWP with a secondary staphylococcal infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1997

The result of API staph-ident system was compared with cellular fatty acid composition for the identification of Staphylococcus species isolated from cattle. Isolated strains from cattle were correctly identified to S aureus, S intermedius, S hyicus, S simulans, S saprophyticus, S epidemis, S sciuri and S xylosus by API staph-ident system. The correlation between bacterial cellular fatty acid profile and Staphylococcus species isolated to API STAPH-IDENT system were. In conclusion, the result presented indicate that Staphylococci can be indentified to the species level by the cellular fatty acid profiles. Moreover, computerized fatty acid profile correlative anaylsis can be applied for determining identify of Staphylococcus species.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 1983

The distribution of slide coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitic milk samples was investigated mainly according to Kloos and Schleifer's classification scheme, and toxigenic and enzymatic characteristics of these strains were also examined. One-hundred-and-twenty-one strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated were classified into 8 species. Of these species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staph. xylosus, Staph. haemolyticus and Staph. simulans were more frequently found in bovine mastitic milk samples, and toxin and enzyme production of these species were observed in relatively high frequency. Staph. hyicus subsp. hyicus was isolated from the 4 quarters with clinical mastitis included in this investigation. By the use of Baird-Parker and Pelzer's classification system, 44.6% and 18.2% of the strains could not be classified in any subgroup, respectively.