• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1989

In order to develop technetium-99m-labelled human albumin microsphere (HAM) for lung scintigraphy, various experimemts such as preparation and fractionation of HAM, establishment of optimal labelling conditions, determination of radiochemical purity, stability test and biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc-HAM$ were carried out. HAM was prepared from the suspension of 1ml aqueous human serum albumin (25%) in 130 ml of olive oil at $130\sim135^{\circ}$ with vigorous stirring. The resulting HAM was fractionated with microsieve to get the desired particle size $(15\sim50\mu)$ and autoclaved for sterilizaiton. The HAM particles were treated with stannous chloride and the pH of the suspension was adjusted to $3.0\sim3.5$ with phosphate buffer. After freeze-drying the contents of single reaction vial containing 5 mg of HAM and 0.2 mg of $SnCl_2$ it was reacted with $Na^{99m}TcO_4$. The labelling yield was higher than 99.5% and the stability of $^{99m}Tc-HAM$ was high enough to maintain 99.1% of radiochemical purity up to 24 hours. Lung and liver uptake in mice was found to be 94% and 0.9%, respectively. Excellent rabbit and human lung scans were also obtained.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate K/S values, surface color, the fastness to washing, bacteria reduction rate of the silk and cotton fabrics dyed with Rhus verniciflua extract under the various dyeing conditions. The optimum dyeing temperature, dyeing time, dyeing pH and repetition of the silk fabrics dyed with Rhus verniciflua extract were $l00^{\circ}C, 30min., pH 5, five times repetition respectively, but in the cotton fabrics, it were $60^{\circ}C . 30min., pH 7, one times repetition. It were colored orangish Yellow in the silk fabrics and colored bright yellow in the cotton fabrics dyed with Rhus verniciflua extract. Surface color(munsell value) was not changed by the mordanting agents but those of the silk showed high tone when mordanting with stannous chloride, and it was decolored and darked when mordanting with ferric sulfate. The fastness to washing in the silk fabrics dyed with mordanting agents improved in 4～5 grade, but the cotton fabrics were 3～4 grade, so washing fastness of the silk and cotton fabrics were significantly improved when washing with the neutral detergent. The bacteria reduction rate of the silk fabrics increased drastically by dyeing of Rhus verniciflua extract.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2001

An on-line digestion system based on the flow injection analysis technique was presented for the determination of total phosphorus. The system converts condensed and organic phosphoruses into orthophosphate that can be analyzed spectrophotometically. The reaction between orthophosphate and ammonium molybdate in a strong acid medium forms the yellow complex of phosphomolybdate which is next reduced to a molybdic blue complex by stannous chloride. The quantitation of orthophosphate is based on the absorbance of the molybdic blue. To determine total phosphorus, the digestion system was installed between the sample injector and the reaction coil with the added lines of digestion solution(potassium persulfate+sulfuric acid) and the $H_2O$ carrier. The system has shown that the digestion efficiencies were greater than 95% for the typical condensed and organic phosphoruses. When tripolyphosphate standards were used, the calibration data showed that the linear dynamic range extended to a concentration of 1.5ppm with the detection limit of 25ppb total phosphorus. The typical relative standard deviation was less than 2%. The proposed system was successfully applied to lake water, wastewater, and streamwater. The analytical variables such as digestion efficiency, analysis time, and reproducibility were evaluated and compared with the manual digestion method.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.326-333
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• 1978

Tetrazonium 염을 거쳐서 m-phenylenedihydrazine (MPDH)을 합성할 수 있었다. 즉, m-phenylenediamine을 진한 염산의 매질 속에서 $-10∼-5^{\circ}C$로 유지하고아질산나트륨으로 테트라 아조화한 다음, 이때 생긴 tetrazonium 염을 염화주석(II)으로 환원시켜 MPDH를 염산염의 꼴로 얻어 알코올에서 재결정 할 수 있었다. MPDH의 유리염기는 불안정하기 때문에 공기 중에서는 안정한 상태로 얻기 어려우며, 그 염산염은 명확한 녹는 점을 가지지 않고 $185^{\circ}C$에서 분해하였다. MPDH도 방향족 monohydrazine의 경우 처럼 mono 또는 dicarbnyl 화합물과 쉽게 축합반응을 일으켜서 dihydrazone 또는 고리모양 화합물을 생성하였다. MPDH와 carbonyl 화합물과의 반응에서 얻은 여러가지 화합물의 구조를 결정하였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 1974

芳香族디아민을 강한 광물산의 妓質中에서 디아조化하고, 이때 얻은 테트라아조늄염을 還元함으로서 芳香族 디히드라진類의 合成에 응용할 수 있는 실용적인 方法을 創案하였다. 파라페닐렌디아민을 진한 鹽酸 또는 45% 過鹽素酸을 妓質로 해서 低溫에서 아질산나트륨으로디아조化하여 얻은 테트라아조늄鹽을 염화주석(II)으로 還元하여 파라페닐렌디히드라진(PPDH)을 鹽酸鹽의 微細한 針狀結晶으로 分離하였다. PPDH의 遊離鹽期는 空氣中에서 酸化되기 쉽기 때문에不安定하여 分離할수 없었다. PPDH${\cdot}$2HCl은 明確한 융점을 보이지 않고 $^180{\circ}C$에서 炭化되면서 分解하였다. PPDH는 芳香族 모노히드라진과 유사한 性質이 있었으며, 초산염의 緩衝溶液에서 알데히드 및 케톤과 반응시키면 재빨리 反應하여 노랑색 내지 갈색을 띤 縮合化合物인 디히드라존이 生成되었다. 이것은 PPDH가 디카르보닐化合物과 反應하여 高分子의 폴리마나 還狀縮合物을 形成할 것임을 暗示한다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.974-978
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• 2012

The effect of Cu coating on the sensing properties of nano $SnO_2:Cu$ based sensors for the $CH_4$, $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas was studied. This work was focussed on investigating the change of sensitivity of nano $SnO_2:Cu$ based sensors for $CH_4$, $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas by Cu coating. Nano sized $SnO_2$ powders were prepared by solution reduction method using stannous chloride($SnCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$), hydrazine($N_2H_2$) and NaOH and subsequent heat treatment. XRD patterns showed that nano $SnO_2$ powders with rutile structure were grown with (110), (101), (211) dominant peak. The particle size of nano $SnO_2:Cu$ powders at 8 wt% Cu was about 50 nm. $SnO_2$ particles were found to contain many pores, according to SEM analysis. The sensitivity of nano $SnO_2:Cu$ based sensors was measured for 5 ppm $CH_4$ gas and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas at room temperature by comparing the resistance in air with that in target gases. The sensitivity for both $CH_4$ and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gases was improved by Cu coating on the nano $SnO_2$ surface. The response time and recovery time of the $SnO_2:Cu$ gas sensors for the $CH_4$ and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gases were 18~20 seconds, and 13~15 seconds, respectively.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.110-117
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• 1995

Tc-99m Labeled hexamethylenepropyleneamineoxime ([$^{99m}Tc$]-HMPAO) is a famous amino-oxime compound and is widely used to construct SPECT images of cerebral blood flow. To investigate the relationship between chemical structure and radiolabeling in these kind of diamine-oxime compounds, we synthesized seven compounds by Schiff's base formation and successive reduction with sodium borohydride. They were (RR/SS )-4,8-diaza-3,6,6,9-tetramethylundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (2), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,9-dimethy-lundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (4), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,10-dimethyldodecane-2,11-dione bisoxime (5), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-3,6,6,8-tetramethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (8), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-5,6-cyclohexyl-3,8-dimethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (10), (RR/SS/meso)-3,4-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl)-benzoic acid (12), and (RR/SS/ meso)-2,3-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl) benzophenone (14). Chemical structures of all the synthesized compounds were identified by taking $^1H$ spectrum. Among them, 2 and 4 are propyleneamine oxime (PnAO), 6 is butyleneamine oxime (BnAO) and 8, 10, 12 and 14 are ethyleneamine oxime (EnAO). Each compound (0.5 mg) was incubated with stannous chloride (0.5 g - 8 g), carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (final concentration = 0.1 M, pH 7 - pH 10) and Tc-99m-pertechenate (1 ml). Tc-99m labeling of these compounds were checked by ITLC (acetone), ITLC (normal saline), reverse phase TLC (50 % acetonitrile) and ITLC (ethyl acetate). According to the results, EnAO's were not labeled by Tc-99m in any of above condition. About 11 % of maximum labeling efficiency was obtained with BnAO. However, 4 (PnAO) was labeled with Tc-99m to 85 % which is similar to the labeling efficiency of 2 (HMPAO). Hydrophilic impurity (9 % ) was the most significant problem with the labeling of 4, however, pertechnetate (3 % ) and colloid (3 %) were minor problem. In conclusion, we synthesized seven diamine blsoxlme compounds. Among them, four EnAO compounds were not labeled by Tc-99m. A BnAO was labeled poorly and two PnAO's were labeled well. These labeling can be explained by tertiary structure of their Tc-99m chelate.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.328-331
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• 1995

$^{99m}Tc$ labeled PnAO(propylene amine oxime) derivatives have been widely studied as brain perfusion agents. We synthesized and characterized a PnAO derivative, (RR/SS/ meso)-4,8-diaza-3,9-dimethylundecane-2, 10-dione bisoxime(PRODD). Proton-NMR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography(silica gel) were performed for its characterization. PRODD was labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ using stannous chloride as reducing agent. The labeling efficiency was determined to be about 85%. Brain uptakes of $4.16{\pm}0.42$ %ID/g and $3.24{\pm}0.13$ %ID/g were found after 10min and 30min after intravenous injection. Brain-to-blood ratios were 1.17 and 0.75 at 10 and 30 minutes, which were lower than 1.3 and 1.9 of the ratios with commercial ${\pm}$-HMPAO. Autoradiographs of rat brain sections showed the gray matter to white matter ratios of $1.13{\pm}0.10$ at 30 min after intravenous injection, which was lower than $1.94{\pm}0.19$ of commercial $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO. With the above findings, we concluded that the lipophilic $^{99m}Tc$-PRODD complex was able to cross the blood-brain barrier, however the complex showed lower uptake than $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO in mouse or rat brains. We could suggest possibility that PRODD could be used as another $^{99m}Tc$ chelator.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 1976

해수중 ppb 정도의 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 아연 및 수은 정량을 위한 용매추출-원자흡광법 및 환원기화법에 의한 무염원자흡광법을 검토했다. 용매추출 때의 최적 pH는 pH4-7였으며 용매로는 MIBK가 가장 효율이 좋았으며 킬레이트제로는 DDTC가 APDC보다 추출율 및 기타 조건이 유리했다. 즉 $1\iota$ 해수를 사용하여 pH4-5에서 DDTC-MIBK로 추출하여 아세칠렌-공기불꽃 중에 흡입시켜 흡광도를 측정하는 방법으로 해수시료를 분석한 결과 정밀저는 표준편차로 카드뮴 0.058 ppb, 구리 0.084 ppb, 납 0.44ppb였다, 아연은 $1\iota$ 시수를 사용했을 때는 블랭크값이 녀무 크게 나오고 그 정밀도가 극히 좋지 않았다. 시수량을 200ml로 했을 때는 비교적 정밀도가 좋았으며 표준편차로서 2.49 ppb였다. 수은은 시수 500ml을 황산-과망간산칼리움 분해법으로 분해시켜 염화제1주석으로 수은을 환원기화시켜 흡광도를 측정했으며 그 정밀도는 0.005 ppb였다. 이상의 방법으로 측정할 수 있는 각 금속의 정량감도는 카드뮴 $0.08\;ppb/\%$, 구리$0.15\;ppb/1\% $, 납 $0.6\;ppb/1\%$, 아연 $1.2\;ppb/1\%$, 수은 $0.01\;ppb/1\%$였다. 채수후 분석시까지의 시수보관에 따른 각 금속의 농도변화는 시수$1\iota$에 대해 질산 10ml 정도 넣어 pH 1.5 부근으로 하며 플리에칠렌병에서 보관한 결과 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 수은은 30일정도 까지는 안정하였으며 아연은 불규칙한 심한 변동을 보였다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2007

This study focused on the properties natural dyeing and natural material and on the development of functional material for well-being in apparel industry. Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini is used as natural dyeing material which had been reported that have curable effect for unbalanced immunity, geriatric diseases like urinary tract system, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, tinnitus, hyperhidrosis and women's diseases like hypermenorrhea. And this material also has anti-cancer effect so that can restraint cancer cells. 3 kinds tester of cotton, wool and silk are dyed by boiled with each dye (flower, fruits, bark of tree) as first dyeing and dried in the shade. These testers are done by post-mordanting method. Aluminium Potassium(Alk(SO4)2), Cuprie Sulfate($CuSO4{\cdot}5H2O$), Stannous Chloride($SnCl2{\cdot}2H2O$), Ferrous Sulfate($FeCl2{\cdot}4H2O$), Titanium Sulfate 24% aqueous solution(Ti(SO4)2) are used as mordants. Dyeing results of Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini flower and bark are shown as yellow color series. And dyeing result of fruits is pink color series. Silk shows the best dyeing property. As the point of view for dyeing property, Ti, Sn, Fe would be the properchoice for mordant. Following results are extracted in this study. Yellow color is resulted in dyeing with Cornus officinalis flower as non-mordanting condition. Yellowish red color is come from dyeing with Comus officinalis fruit as non-mordanting condition. Grayish yellow tone is resulted in dyeing with bark as non-mordanting condition. Orange tone color with Ti-mordanting, green tone color with Sn-mordanting and gray tone color with Fe-mordanting is resulted respectively. However light-fastness of Comus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is very low as 1 or 2 level in non-mordanting condition, Comus officinalis flower dyeing is turned out 3 or 4 level and fruit dyeing is 4 or 5 level, bark dyeing is 2 or 3 level with Ti-mordanting respectively. Eventually Comus officinalis fruit has the best light-colorfastness property among all of dyes. dry cleaning colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, perspiration-colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, With these results, this study could conclude that dye-ability, colorfastness problem is getting better after mordanting process and practical usage would be possible.