• Title/Summary/Keyword: Standard tone

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Audiogram in Response to Stimulation Delivered to Fluid Applied to the External Meatus

  • Geal-Dor, Miriam;Chordekar, Shai;Adelman, Cahtia;Kaufmann-Yehezkely, Michal;Sohmer, Haim
    • Journal of Audiology & Otology
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.79-84
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    • 2020
  • Background and Objectives: Hearing can be elicited in response to vibratory stimuli delivered to fluid in the external auditory meatus. To obtain a complete audiogram in subjects with normal hearing in response to pure tone vibratory stimuli delivered to fluid applied to the external meatus. Subjects and Methods: Pure tone vibratory stimuli in the audiometric range from 0.25 to 6.0 kHz were delivered to fluid applied to the external meatus of eight participants with normal hearing (15 dB or better) using a rod attached to a standard clinical bone vibrator. The fluid thresholds obtained were compared to the air conduction (AC), bone conduction (BC; mastoid), and soft tissue conduction (STC; neck) thresholds in the same subjects. Results: Fluid stimulation thresholds were obtained at every frequency in each subject. The fluid and STC (neck) audiograms sloped down at higher frequencies, while the AC and BC audiograms were flat. It is likely that the fluid stimulation audiograms did not involve AC mechanisms or even, possibly, osseous BC mechanisms. Conclusions: The thresholds elicited in response to the fluid in the meatus likely reflect a form of STC and may result from excitation of the inner ear by the vibrations induced in the fluid. The sloping fluid audiograms may reflect transmission pathways that are less effective at higher frequencies.

Audiogram in Response to Stimulation Delivered to Fluid Applied to the External Meatus

  • Geal-Dor, Miriam;Chordekar, Shai;Adelman, Cahtia;Kaufmann-Yehezkely, Michal;Sohmer, Haim
    • 대한청각학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.79-84
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    • 2020
  • Background and Objectives: Hearing can be elicited in response to vibratory stimuli delivered to fluid in the external auditory meatus. To obtain a complete audiogram in subjects with normal hearing in response to pure tone vibratory stimuli delivered to fluid applied to the external meatus. Subjects and Methods: Pure tone vibratory stimuli in the audiometric range from 0.25 to 6.0 kHz were delivered to fluid applied to the external meatus of eight participants with normal hearing (15 dB or better) using a rod attached to a standard clinical bone vibrator. The fluid thresholds obtained were compared to the air conduction (AC), bone conduction (BC; mastoid), and soft tissue conduction (STC; neck) thresholds in the same subjects. Results: Fluid stimulation thresholds were obtained at every frequency in each subject. The fluid and STC (neck) audiograms sloped down at higher frequencies, while the AC and BC audiograms were flat. It is likely that the fluid stimulation audiograms did not involve AC mechanisms or even, possibly, osseous BC mechanisms. Conclusions: The thresholds elicited in response to the fluid in the meatus likely reflect a form of STC and may result from excitation of the inner ear by the vibrations induced in the fluid. The sloping fluid audiograms may reflect transmission pathways that are less effective at higher frequencies.

인물 사진을 위한 자동 톤 균형 알고리즘 (Flesh Tone Balance Algorithm for AWB of Facial Pictures)

  • 배태욱;이성학;이정욱;송규익
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제34권11C호
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    • pp.1040-1048
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    • 2009
  • 본 논문에서는 인물 영상에 대한 새로운 자동 톤 균형 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 일반적인 백색 균형 (White balance) 알고리즘은 무채색 영역 또는 물리적 반사율을 알고 있는 피사체에 대해 RGB 출력 신호의 비율이 동일하도록 보정하는 방법을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 사진 속 얼굴색을 기준 조명하에서의 피부색 좌표와 일치 되도록 RGB의 채널 이득을 조절한다. 실험을 위해 카메라 이미지 센서의 전달 특성을 분석하고 기준 조명하에서의 평균 얼굴 색도를 측정하여 카메라 출력 RGB을 계산한다. 마지막으로 임의의 조명하에서 촬영된 인물 영상에 대해 얼굴 부분의 RGB 출력 비율이 기준 얼굴색에 대한 비율이 되도록 R 채널과 B 채널의 이득을 조정하여 색도 보정을 했다. 입력 삼자극치 XYZ는 카메라 전달 행렬에 의해 카레라 출력 RGB로부터 계산된다. 그리고 입력 삼자극치 XYZ는 sRGB 전달 행렬을 이용하여 기준 컬러 공간(sRGB)으로 변환된다. RGB 데이터는 감마 보정 후 디스플레이를 위해 8 bit 데이터로 인코딩되어진다. 알고리즘은 맥베스 컬러 차트 (Macbeth color chart)의 light skin color인 평균 얼굴색과 실제로 측정된 다양한 얼굴색의 평균색에 적용되어졌다.

Development of a V-Band Millimeter-Wave Source Module

  • Kwon, Jae-Yong;Lee, Dong-Joon;Bakti, Aditia Nur;Angin, Windi Kurnia Perangin
    • Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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    • 제16권4호
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    • pp.225-228
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    • 2016
  • KRISS-V, a V-band millimeter-wave source module for a primary RF power standard and calibration system developed by the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science is here presented. The output power of KRISS-V is several times higher than that of commercial amplifier/multiplier chains and is highly stable (the standard deviations of output power are less than 0.01% in the worst case). The spectral purity of KRISS-V is high enough to consider it a single-tone signal generator. We also added programmable attenuation capability to KRISS-V for remote power control. Moreover, the in-house source module is cost-effective and adaptable to various measurement schemes. The structure of the model as well as detailed component information are introduced so that it can be reproduced.

IEC60268-21 기반 최신 액티브 스피커 측정 및 분석 기법 소개 (Introduction of a recent active loudspeaker measurement and assessment method based on IEC60268-21)

  • 이신렬
    • 한국음향학회지
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    • 제40권3호
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    • pp.241-246
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    • 2021
  • 현재 라우드스피커 시스템은 다양한 입력 채널 및 앰프를 포함하는 액티브 스피커로 변화하고 있다. 이러한 액티브 스피커의 경우 기존 패시브 스피커 혹은 유닛 단품 측정 표준인 IEC 60268-5 만으로 측정이 불가능한 경우가 많다. 본 논문은 IEC한국 대표로 IEC60268-21 표준을 제정하면서 새롭게 정의한 아날로그, 디지털 입력 및 유선, 무선 입력 채널을 가지고 다양한 제어 기능을 가진 파워 앰프를 내장한 액티브 스피커 측정 표준에 대해 상세하게 알아보고자 한다.

지르코니아 코어의 종류와 도재 두께에 따른 색상의 변화 (The study on the shade color change that depends on the kind of zirconia core and the porcelain thickness)

  • 염미옥;이종혁;신수연;신승철;조자원
    • 대한치과기공학회지
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    • 제32권4호
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    • pp.341-350
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: This study focused on achieving desired shades by combining zirconia core with different thickness porcelain in order to make dental prostheses effectively. Methods: White and colored $LAVA^{TM}$ All Ceramic (3M-ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), and Zirkonzahn (Bruneck, Italy) Trans and prettau were used to have Zirconia. LAVATM Ceram (3M-ESPE, Germany) and ICE (Zirkonzahn, Italy) powder were used to have the porcelain. We made quadrilateral specimen of thickness 0.3mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm and diameter 10 to use zirconia ceramics system of 2 kinds that color tone reappearance way is different and produced total 120 specimens to 4 experimental groups. We used Spectrophotometer to analyze color tone. Data's value getting by dispersal colorimetry period found L*, a*, b* value using Excel program. We used one-way ANOVA to use SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Results: All L*, a*, b* indexes of zirconia core and porcelain veneer in LAVA group and Zirkonzahn group were different. When you combine the white zirconia core of LAVA group with a porcelain veneer, the thickness of the porcelain must be more than 0.5mm to meet the standard target. When all the colored zirconia cores of LAVA group were combined with porcelain veneers, there was no significant difference from the standard target. When the zirconia cores of Zirkonzahn group are combined with porcelain veneers, the thinner thicknesses were closer to the standard tab than thicker thicknesses; however, there was a significant difference in all combinations, with Delta E* value indicating more than 3. Conclusion: When it comes to colored zirconia, which is the most popular, the thicknesses of both a core and a dentin veneer must be more than 0.3mm to get an appropriate shade. There is more possibility to get desirable shades when the thicknesses of a white core are thinner; however, they would be vulnerable to the environment and lose their color. When combine a zirconia core with a dentin veneer, using Zirkonzahn group needs more considerations in order to meet the standard target.

현대 여성 수트에 있어서 남성성(masculinity)을 나타내는 색채 특성 - 2004~2006년 F/W의 파리, 런던, 뉴욕, 밀라노 컬렉션을 중심으로 - (The Color Characteristics of Masculinity Presented in Modern Women's Suit - Focus on the Paris, London, New York and Milan Collections from 2004 F/W to 2006 F/W -)

  • 권지현;김영인
    • 복식
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    • 제58권2호
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    • pp.62-77
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    • 2008
  • This study aims to analyze color characteristics centered by women's suit styles that represent masculinity remarkably. Through this, it figures out color's type and continuance availability as a representing tool to express masculinity to provide useful color information which can be applied effectively to various color planning. For this research, related images were collected among women's pants suits appeared in $2004{\sim}2006's$ Paris, London, New York and Milan collection F/W that are most similar to modern man's suit. Among them, the study analyzes 319 pictures where the features of masculinity were represented effectively. The referred color values were earned by converting $L^*a^*b^*$ values measured through the color extracting tool of Computer program (Adobe Photoshop CS) and color tone characteristic were analyzed by classifying 12 color PCCS and 5 achromatic colors. The result of the study are as follows: First, based on standard of color hue and tone, in terms of color hue, PB, YR, Y were frequently shown up but G, BG series were not found much after analyzing overall women's pants suit color characteristics shown in $2004{\sim}2006$ Paris, London, New York and Milan collection. Second, the color analysis about 3years of $2004{\sim}2006$ tells that achromatic colors have been most widely used in every year. In terms of color hue, PB, YR, Y series were appeared most popular and G, BG classes weren't appeared frequently. In addition, once looking at yearly color tone distribution trend, like overall color tone distribution result, Bk, w, dkg, g, p were highly used as sequential and b, v, dp, sf, ItGy series show low distribution level. And such a distribution level of low and high in frequency has been showed continuously as a similar style. Accordingly, through the study, as a tool to express masculinity in women's suit, achromatic colors like black and white series and PB, YR, Y series color were investigated as most popular uses. And as color tones, Bk, w, dkg, g, p were used frequently.

피부색을 표현하는 형용사들의 수치화를 통한 안색 평가법 연구 (Digitization of Adjectives that Describe Facial Complexion to Evaluate Various Expressions of Skin Tone in Korean)

  • 이선화;이정아;박선미;김영희;장윤정;김보라;김남수;문태기
    • 대한화장품학회지
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    • 제43권4호
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    • pp.349-355
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    • 2017
  • 피부색은 건강상태나 연령을 인식하는데 중요한 역할을 할 뿐만 아니라 선호하는 피부색에 따라 매력을 느끼는 기준이 되기도 한다. 다수의 소비자들은 자신의 피부색을 개선시키기 위해 화장품을 선택하기도 하며 이러한 수요에 따라 화장품의 종류는 다양해졌다. 최근에는 '하얗고 밝은 피부'에서 '건강하고 생기있어 보이는 피부' 등 안색의 선호가 다양해지고 관련 표현의 효능을 표방하는 화장품이 증가하고 있지만 '피부색(안색) 개선'에 대한 객관적인 평가 기준이 없어 본 연구에서는 피부색을 표현하는 형용사(complexion -describing adjectives, CDAs)를 선정하고 quasi $L^*a^*b^*$ 값을 이용한 통계분석 방법으로 피부색을 표현하는 형용사를 정량화하였다. CDA 7개['창백한(pale)', '깨끗한(clear)', '화사한(radiant)', '생기있는(lively)', '건강한(healthy)', '불그스름한(rosy)', '칙칙한(dull)']를 선별하였고 피부색을 평가한 경험이 있는 30명의 패널이 각각의 형용사를 밝은 피부 사진과 어두운 피부 사진의 색감에 적용하고 이를 다시 수치화하여 단어간에 통계적 유의성 여부를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 어두운 피부의 기준 이미지와 각각의 CDA를 반영한 조정 이미지, 밝은 피부의 기준 이미지와 각각의 CDA를 반영한 조정 이미지간의 quasi $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ 값이 통계적 유의차를 보였다(p< 0.05). 그러나 같은 CDA를 반영한 밝은 피부와 어두운 피부간에는 통계적 유의차가 없었고, 비슷한 계열의 형용사 간에 그룹화되는 경향[(i)창백한-깨끗한-화사한 (ii)생기있는-건강한-불그스름한 (iii)칙칙한]을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 주관적인 느낌을 표현하는 형용사를 객관적 지표로 수치화하고 이를 통해 피부색을 평가하는 기준으로 활용할 수 있음을 제시하고자 한다.

Detection and Analysis of Event-Related Potential P300 in EEG by 4-Stimulus Oddball Paradigm

  • Jang, Yun-Seok;Ryu, Soo-Ah;Park, Kyu-Chil
    • Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.234-237
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    • 2010
  • P300 component of the event-related potential(ERP) has been studied for theoretical, empirical, and clinical applications. Nowadays the 1-, 2-, and 3-stimulus oddball paradigms are used for eliciting P300 component of EEG in the auditory stimulus experiments. In this paper, we used a method to add one more stimulus to the 3-stimulus auditory paradigm. The adding stimulus has not the same volume but the same tone of the target stimulus. The 4-stimulus oddball paradigm to use two targets is used to elicit the P300 event-related potentials. In 4-stimulus oddball paradigm, an infrequent non-target (p=0.10) is presented in addition to two infrequent targets (p=0.10) and a frequent standard (p=0.70). Two target stimuli elicited a P300 component with a parietal maximum distribution. The amplitude of the P300 in target 2 was larger than that in target 1 and the latency of the P300 in target 2 was longer than that in target 1. The P300 component due to target 2 stimuli was larger than that due to target 1 stimuli. The experimental results approve that the 4-stimulus oddball paradigm can elicit P300 component clearly. The results are compared with the results of the traditional oddball paradigm.

H-UV 무습수 오프셋 인쇄에서 CMS 적용에 관한 연구 (Study on CMS Application in Hybrid UV Waterless Off-Set Printing)

  • 구철회;조가람
    • 펄프종이기술
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    • 제45권5호
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2013
  • This study found fit optimum C, M, Y, K solid density and $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ value to paper & ink as well as check about printing machine state for color management in H-UV waterless off-set printing first. These values applied to GRACoL G7 calibration method. This method is one of color standard management method of printing. GRACoL G7 calibration method is possible stable tone reappearance by controlling gray balance by NPDC(Natural Printing Density Curve). Also, this study used values to make device profile as result that is gotten by application of GRACoL G7 calibration method. This profile was applied to CMS(Color Management System) of H-UV waterless off-set printing, and the result was possible by color management that correspond in printing quality standard of ISO 12647-2 and GRACol 2006 specifications.