• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1129-1139
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• 2005

A series of experiments was conducted to identify the potential of five phytoplankton species as standard test species for marine ecotoxicological tests. The candidate phytoplankton species are Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis suecica. Salinity tolerance and sensitivity on potassium dichromate as a reference material were identified. Toxicity of eleven ocean dumped sewage sludges and four red tide expellent extracts were estimated by the inhibition of population growth rates (PGR) of marine diatom S. costatum, While most species revealed relatively weak tolerance on salinity, T. suecica demonstrated the highest salinity tolerance ranged from $5\~35$ psu and the others $15\~35$ psu. H. akashiwo revealed the highest sensitivity as 72h $IC_{50}$=0.76mg/L and T. suecica the lowest as 72h $IC_{50}$=8.89mg/L on potassium dichromate. Sludge extracts from industrial waste, domestic sewage and livestock farm waste sludge showed high toxicity as 72h $IC_{50}$<$2\%$ and lowest toxicity from filtration bed sludge as 72h $IC_{50}$=$30.50\%$ NOEC (No Observed Effective Concentration) of sludge extract ranged from <$0.4\%$ to $1.6\%$ and this indicated high phytotoxicity of ocean dumped sewage sludge. The test sensitivity of phytoplankton PGR inhibition was much higher than those of marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis mortality test and bioluminescent inhibition test by marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, and comparable with the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) fertilization test. As a result the phytotoxicity test using phytoplankton PGR inhibition ($IC_{50}$) must be a useful tool for marine phyto-toxicological evaluation of ocean dumped materials.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.359-366
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• 2014

For an efficient and reasonable management scheme for protecting the soil environment, a soil ecological risk assessment (ERA) method should be developed prior to utilization, based on the contemporary uses and situations of each country. The Korean environmental policy focusing on soil protection is currently accelerating the development of the soil ecological risk assessment method. The soil ERA requires toxicological data on various trophic levels in the soil environment, and ultimately uses PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration), which is derived from collected toxicological data. Therefore, test species that are used to generate toxicity data are essential for conducting reliable ERA. This study aimed to select domestic test species for potential use in a reliable Korean ERA. Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) were identified as target substances, with toxicity data (Cu, Ni) and standard test methods being collected to determine candidate species. The candidate species were first classified by soil trophic level, and then sorted into final domestic species. Forty out of 166 domestic species were determined as potential standard test species, whereas 17 out of 120 species were determined as potential Cu and Ni test species. Finally, this study presented potential soil test species based on the characteristics of the domestic soil environment, and established a preliminary step toward developing a reliable Korean soil ERA method.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.483-486
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• 1994

A series of 6-[N-(halophenyl)amino]-7-chloro-5, 8-quinolinedione derivatives 1-10 were tested for antifungal susceptibilities, in vitro, aginst pathogenic Candida species such as C. ablbicans, C glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. The MICs were determined by the standard macrodilution techniques, according to the NCCLS 1992 guidelines. The 6-[N-(halo-standard macrodilution techniques, according to the NCCLS 1992 gidelines. The 6-[N-(halo-phenyl)amino]-7-chloro-5, 8-quinolinedione derivatives showed generally potent antifungal activities against pathogenic Candida species. Among them, derivative 1, 2, 5, and 7 showed more potent antifungal activities than kietoconazole. All derivatives 1-10 had specially potent activities against C. torpicalis. Derivative 1 and 2 containing 9N-3, 4-dihalo-phenyl)amino moiety exhibited the potent antifugal activities. Derivative 2 with (3, 4-dichlorophenyl)amino substitutent was the most effetive in preventing the growth of Candida species at MICs 4.mu.g/ml respectively.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2005

Benthic amphipod, Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposed G. japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic to G. japonica, and Rg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene to G. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_ow$ and water solubility. G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity of G. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1993.06a
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• pp.4-5
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• 1993

Toxicity tests in our laboratory are conducted usually with mass-reared organisms. They are under the same environmentel conditions throughout seasons and are supplied at specific age. A total of 38 species of aquatic organisms are being reared. We have attempted to establish pruified strains or to select clones of various parthenogenic organisms. The merits or demerits of our culturing test organisms are discussed. The differences in the susceptibility among clones or strains of test organism are also discussed. For a single species test, algae, daphnia, fish are often used. However, we usually use early stages, but occasionally, adults fish are used for reproduction tests. As an another important aspect, the toxicity through food chains has been studied. In this study, we select a pair of species belonging different trophic levels. The differences between single species tests and multispecies tests will be discussed. Even a single species test intends to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystem levels, however, this idea is not applicable to ecosystems. Single species tests with standard organisms and multispecies tests are contradictory in concept. One type of multispecles tests is indoor microcosms being composed of severel species artificially assembled, and another is composed of natural components (both indoor and outdoor). We have used three types of outdoor mesocosms using ponds and three types of artificial streams. The mesocosms is useful to not only to analyze the floral or faun61 changes but also to study the fate or behaviour of chemicals in naturd environments. Lastly, usefulness of the field observation or experiments or semi-field experiments will be discussed. This will enhance the exploitation of early warning systems utilizing indicator organisms or animal behaviour.aviour.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2015

Acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna has a variety of factors such as incubation condition of test species, food quality and proficiency of laboratory workers. Therefore, proper proficiency testing samples were required for evaluating the competence of laboratory workers. This study aims to propose some appropriate proficiency testing samples for laboratory workers of acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna. Proposed four kinds of standard samples (Sample A, B, C, and D) for proficiency testing were selected from reference materials which were recommended from Canada and USA WET(Whole Effluent Toxicity) authorities. Proposed standard samples were tested by trial application of proficiency testing, homogeneity and stability checks using repeatability test. Sample A, C and D were estimated ad the suitable candidates for proficiency test standard samples except for Sample B. In addition, Sample A was proved to be the most suitable sample.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 2011

In order to investigate serum antibodies for detection of brucellosis in pigs, a total of 1208 sera were tested by Rose Bengal test (RBT), the standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and competitive ELISA (cELISA). The sera were collected from pigs of Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Chungbuk, Jeonnam and Jeonbuk, provinces during the period 2002 to 2004. All the sera were screened by RBT, and were confirmed by STAT and cELISA. Among 1208 sera, 26 sera (2.2%) were positive in screening test. All the 26 positive sera were positive by STAT, while all the sera were negative by cELISA. On the basis of this study, farmed pigs may be exposed to Brucella species. Furthermore, these results suggest that establishment of diagnoses for detection of porcine brucellosis is necessary.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

A series of experiments were conducted to find standard test organisms and to develop test protocols for sediment toxicity tests using indigenous amphipods inhabited in Korean coastal environments. The indigenous amphipods Mandibulophoxus mai and Monocorophium acherusicum were well associated with various sediment substrates from sand to mud. The tolerance limits to various physico-chemical factors affecting bioassay results such as temperature, salinity and total ammonium as well as the sensitivities to contaminants in water and sediments were investigated using M. mai and M. acherusicum in the present study. These amphipods were tolerable to the adequate ranges of salinity ($10{\sim}30\;psu$), temperature ($10{\sim}25^{\circ}C$) and ammonia (<50 ppm). They have relevant sensitivities to the reference toxicants, dissolved cadmium as well as other metals and organic pollutants, when compared to the standard test species used in other countries. Field-sediment toxicity tests revealed that M. mai would be more sensitive to sediment-associated pollutants than M. acherusicum, while the sensitivity of M. acherusicum was comparable to those of other sediment test species in other countries. Overall results of this first attempt to develop an amphipod sediment toxicity test protocol in Korea indicated that M. mai and M. acherusicum should be applicable in the toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments, following the further evaluation encompassing various ecological and toxicological evaluation and the standardization of test method.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.171-175
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• 2007

Indigenous species means a species that is likely, due to historical presence, to occur at a specified site for some portion of its life span. Therefore, indigenous species can be useful as an indicator to assess environmental risk caused by hazardous chemicals in a specific site. So far a few toxicity studies using freshwater species which are indigenous to Korea have been carried out. In this study, a freshwater shrimp (Neocardina denticulata) indigenous to Korea was used for acute toxicity test of heavy metals. Neocardina denticulata were exposed to cadmium chloride $(CdCl_2)$, copper chloride $(CuCl_2)$ and zinc chloride $(ZnCl_2)$ using automatic flow-through system for 96 hours. The 96h LC50s were calculated as 0.043 $(0.042{\sim}0.045)mg\;CdCl_2/L,\;0.104(0.098{\sim}0.113)mg\; CuCl_2/L\;and\;2.021\;(1.633{\sim}2.594)mg\;ZnCl_2/L$. When compaired with some international standard species such as medaka(Oryzias latipes), Neocardina denticulata had high sensitivity. Therefore, this study suggested that Neocardina denticulata have possibilities for a sensitive test species to test heavy metal toxicity in aqua-system.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2005

This study was investigated to determine the quality control of Oriental medicine from stores dealing in Oriental medicine around Seoul and Daegu. We tested total 120 samples that widely used 15 species in herbal medicine (Lycii Fructus, Platycodi Radix, Angelicae Gigantis Radix and 12 others) being collected from Oriental medicine clinic, pharmacy, Oriental pharmacy, Oriental medical hospital and Oriental drug store. We have estimated Oriental medicine by K.P. (Korean Pharmacopoeia), K.H.P(Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia) and announcement of KFDA. The items of examination were identification, purity, loss on drying, ash, acid insoluble ash, extract content, essential oil content, assay, heavy metal limit, and pesticides residue(BHC, DDT, Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin). As a result, 20 samples in total 120 samples were not satisfied with the standard and 7 species in total 15 species were not satisfied with the standard. Identification test, extract content test and pesticides residue(BHC, DDT, Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin) were satisfied with the standard. The result will be the basic data for the quality control of Oriental medicine.