• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2020

피사계 심도 효과는 초점이 맞은 부분은 선명하게 나타나고, 그렇지 않은 부분은 흐리게 나타나는 효과를 뜻한다. 본 논문은 실시간 렌더링 환경에서 사용 가능한, 표준 정규 분포를 기반으로 한 샘플링 범위 계산 및 레이어 색상의 알파 블렌딩을 이용한 역방향 매핑 방식 기반의 피사계 심도 효과 구현 방법에 대해 제안한다. 효과 구현을 위해 착란원 크기 계산 방법, 착란원 크기의 표준 정규 분포를 통한 샘플링 영역 설정, 다층 레이어의 알파 블렌딩을 통한 색상 결정 및 디노이징을 통한 이미지 품질 향상 방법에 대해 서술한다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.911-918
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• 2013

This study deals with the small sample likelihood based inference for the ratio of two normal variances. The small sample likelihood inference is an approximation method. The signed log-likelihood ratio statistic and the modified signed log-likelihood ratio statistic, which converge to standard normal distribution, are proposed for the normal variance ratio. Through the simulation study, the coverage probabilities of confidence interval and power of the exact, the signed log-likelihood and the modified signed log-likelihood ratio statistic will be compared. A real data example will be provided.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 1989

본 연구에서는 t 분포 백분위점을 구하는 방법으로 표준정규분포의 백분위점을 이용하는 간접근사공식들과는 달리 p와 n만의 직접근사공식을 찾았다. Hoaglin이 $\chi^2$분포에 적용했던 탐색적분석과정을 거쳐서 찾아낸 이 공식은 그 형태가 간단하여 일상적인 자료분석에서 손쉽게 이용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 최대 상대오차가 1.2%밖에 되지않는 좋은 공식이다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.339-351
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• 2017

Resampling approaches were the first techniques employed to compute a variance for the Gini coefficient; however, many authors have shown that an analysis of the Gini coefficient and its corresponding variance can be obtained from a regression model. Despite the simplicity of the regression approach method to compute a standard error for the Gini coefficient, the use of the proposed regression model has been challenging in economics. Therefore in this paper, we focus on a comparative study among the regression approach and resampling techniques. The regression method is shown to overestimate the standard error of the Gini index. The simulations show that the Gini estimator based on the modified regression model is also consistent and asymptotically normal with less divergence from normal distribution than other resampling techniques.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.526-537
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry and nutrition knowledge, food behaviour and lifestyle of women college students with different obesity indexes. The subjects were 251 women college students who were randomly selected from Kunsan National University. The height, body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were measured, and health-related lifestyle habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI) : underweight, normal weight and overweight. The results were as follows. Their body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were significantly higher in the overweight subjects when compared to the underweight or normal weight subjects. Standard of living, self-recognition of health status and duration of exercise were significantly correlated with their BMIs. Self-satisfaction with body weight decreased as the BMI increased. Most subjects had poor habits such as skipping meals and lack of exercises. The overweight and the underweight groups skipped meals more frequently than the normal weight group. There were no significant differences in the scores on the nutritional knowledge and the dietary behaviour of the subjects with different BMIs. Therefore, proper nutritional education on regular meals and intervention are required if women college students are to have normal weights and healthy lifestyles. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) L: 526∼537, 2003)

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.302-315
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• 2023

Distribution characteristics and altitudinal gradient of four species (E. strigata, E. separigata, E. orientalis-sachalinensis group) of the mayfly genus Ephemera (Order Ephemeroptera) were analyzed with probability distribution models (exponential, normal, lognormal, logistic, Weibull, gamma, beta, Gumbel). Data was collected from 23,846 sampling units of 6,787 sites in Korea from 2010 to 2021. The beta distribution model showed the best fit for positively skewed E. orientalis-sachalinensis and little-skewed E. strigata along with altitudinal gradient. The reversed lognormal distribution model showed the best-fit for negatively skewed E. separigata. E. orientalis-sachalinensis distributed at the range of altitude 1~700 m (mean 251 m, median 226 m, mode 124 m, and standard deviation 161 m), E. strigata distributed at the range of altitude 5~871 m (mean 474 m, median 478 m, mode 492 m, and standard deviation 200 m), E. separigata distributed at the range of altitude 7~846 m (mean 620 m, median 659 m, mode 760 m, and standard deviation 181 m). Altitudinal habitat suitability ranges were estimated to be 42~257 m for E. orientalis-sachalinensis, 335~644 m for E. strigata, and 641~824 m for E. separigata. Based on the altitudinal spectrum of suitability and altitude-related temperature analysis results, E. orientalis-sachalinensis was estimated to be thermophilic, E. strigata to be mesophilic, and E. separigata to be thermophobic. This is the first national-scale evaluation of the altitudinal distribution of Ephemera in Korea. These results will be used in a further research study on altitudinal shift of the species of Ephemera under climate change.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1043-1050
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• 2010

This paper examined the probabilistic load analysis for the tailplane during pitching maneuvering in the conceptual aircraft design phase. The flight load analysis based on the probabilistic distribution of design variables are compared with the results of the deterministic analysis. Two forms of variable distribution are used in this paper. One is standard normal distribution, the other distribution is calculated from the results of short-period longitudinal equation of aircraft motion. The influence of the distribution parameter on the probabilistic load analysis was investigated and the significant design variables that have an impact on the mean and variance of probabilistic load were identified. The comparison indicates that probabilistic load analysis provides more reliable probabilistic load distribution for the structural design than the traditional deterministic analysis.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.673-679
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• 2004

Particle breakthrough can occur by either the breakoff of previously captured particles (or flocs) or the direct passage of some influent particles through the filter. Filtration experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale filter using spherical glass beads with a diameter of 0.55 mm as collectors. A single type of particle suspension (Min-U-Sil 5, nearly pure $SiO_2$) and three different destabilization methods (pH control, alum and polymer destabilization) were utilized. The operating conditions were similar to those of standard media filtration practice: a filtration velocity of 5 m/h. To assess the possibility of particle detachment during the normal filtration, a hydraulic shock load (20% increase of flow rate) was applied after 4 hours of normal filtration. The magnitude of particle detachment was proportional to the particle size for non-Brownian particles. At the same time, less favorable particles, i.e., particles with larger surface charge, were easily detached during the hydraulic shock load. Therefore, proper particle destabilization before filtration is crucial for maximum particle removal as well as minimum particle breakthrough.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.647-656
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 ISO GUM(불확도 표현 지침서)의 불확도 평가 방법을 보완하기 위해, 몬테카를로 방법(Monte Carlo Method, MCM)을 적용한 불확도 해석 프로그램을 개발하고, MCM과 GUM의 평가 결과를 비교하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 측정량의 확률 분포가 정규 분포가 아닌 때에도 MCM 방법은 정확한 포함 구간을 제공한다. 둘째, 정규 분포가 아닌 다른 분포들 몇몇 개가 합성되는 경우 그 확률 분포가 정규로 보이더라도 실제로는 정규가 아닌 경우가 있으며, 이의 판단은 합성 분산의 확률 분포로 할 수 있다. 셋째, 자유도가 낮은 A형 불확도가 불확도 평가에 포함된 경우 GUM은 포함 구간을 저평가하는 것을 알 수 있었고, 이러한 저평가 문제는 A형 표준 불확도에 t-분포의 표준 편차를 곱해주면 사라지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 경우 합성 분산의 유효 자유도는 확장 불확도 계산에 불필요하고, 신뢰의 수준 95 %의 포함 인자는 1.96이 적정한 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.609-614
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 목포 대교와 통항 선박 사이의 충돌 확률 계산에 필요한 통계 변수 추정에 관해 기술했다. 먼저 목포대교 통항 선박들의 AIS(Automatic Identification System) 정보를 입수한 후, 선박들의 통항 궤적 분포를 분석하고, 목포대교 중심으로 부터의 이격 거리와 목포대교 통항시의 침로 및 속력 등에 대한 평균과 표준편차를 추정하였다. 궤적 분포 분석 결과, 이격 거리와 통항 침로에 대한 궤적 분포는 정규 분포 형태로 나타났고, 통항 속력 분포는 서로 다른 두 종류의 정규 분포 형태를 나타냈다. 그리고 궤적 분포와 이들의 정규 확률분포와의 상대 비교를 통해서 추정한 확률 변수 값의 유용성을 확인하였다.