• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 2014

Research was initiated to evaluate cool-season grass (CSG) overseeding effects on coverage and species transition in Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and to determine CSGs and their seeding rate for a practical overseeding. Treatments were comprised of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and their mixtures. Significant differences were observed in turfgrass coverage and species transition. Since overseeding, the coverage was highest in PR, followed by TF and lowest in KB. The highest coverage in polystand was associated with Mixture IV (TF 50 + PR 50) at a seeding rate of $150gm^{-2}$ which had highest PR and TF, but without KB. Regarding turfgrass transition, zoysiagrass recovery continued to come back up to 80% from late March. But it reduced after early October. Zoysiagrass in monostand was greatest in KB and lowest in TF, but variable in polystand. For the fast and great coverage in winter, it would be the best to apply with PR at $100gm^{-2}$ and equal combination of PR and TF by 1/2 in the mixture at $150gm^{-2}$. For the smooth spring transition to zoysiagrass, however, KB application at $50gm^{-2}$ is recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.102-106
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to study the failure cases in relation to system of Air Bag in vehicle happened in the field. In the first example, it was separated the soldering parts connected the wire pin between air bag module and clock spring of air bag. Whenever the pin shake by the car's vibration, the driver verified the malfunction phenomenon appeared air bag warning lamp on instrument panel in front of driver's seat. in car inside room. The second example, it verified the warning lamp lighting phenomenon of air bag by produced the circuit plate non-contacting of single an element in air bag electronic control unit. The third example, it verified the light of air bag warning indicator lamp by separated with soldering parts connecting inner pin and resistance terminal of seat belt pretensioner using passenger seat. The fourth example, when the passenger car crash a back of truck, the former bumper get jammed under the latter as the roof height of car low less than that. Therefore, the impact of Car's collision verified that don't transfer with body frame of vehicle because of no attachment impact sensor in it.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.550-561
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• 2009

This study is to investigate the air pollution characteristics of an industrialized midsize west-coastal city by comparing air quality to a neighboring inland city. The hourly averaged data of $O_3$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$, CO, and $PM_{10}$ measured from continuous air quality monitoring sites in Gunsan (coastal) and Jeonju (inland) were analyzed. The data set covers the period from 2004 to 2006. The annual average concentrations of the air pollutants in two cities were compared in their abundances and temporal trends as well. $O_3$ and $SO_2$ in Gunsan were relatively higher than those in Jeonju, while vice versa in case of $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$. It seems that heavy automobile emissions from Jeonju mainly bring on higher $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ than those in Gunsan on annual base. $NO_2$ concentrations in both cities showed bimodal diurnal variations with peaks in the morning and in the late evening. These peaks correspond to the coupled effects of rush hour traffic and meteorological conditions (i.e., variation of mixing height and dispersion conditions). Maximum hourly averages of $NO_2$ ranged from 18 ppb to 28 ppb at Jeonju, and from 12 ppb to 20 ppb at Gunsan. $O_3$ showed typical diurnal variation with a maximum in the afternoon between 14:00 and 16:00 LST. Diurnal variations of CO and $PM_{10}$ were similar to $NO_2$ while $SO_2$ was similar to $O_3$. Seasonal variations of $PM_{10}$ in both cities indicated that their concentrations during spring season were significantly high. Asian dust storms occur frequently during spring and seem to affect increase in $PM_{10}$. High $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ days were selected from both cities. The analyses based on the HYSPLIT trajectory model during the high $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ showed these episodes (six cases) were mostly coincident with Asian dust storm originated from northern China and Mongolia. However, these high air pollution episodes in the west coastal cities may not only be caused by the Asian dust but also affected by other air pollutants transported from China accompanying the Asian dust.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 1998

The main focus of this paper is to provide clear understanding about the concept of make-up as total fashion by defining the essential meaning of it. First, we would like to go over the concept of make-up and total fashion, then analyze the make-up image, the changes of colors and images of make-up overtime and fashion that have influenced over those changes. In this paper, we analyze the trend of fashion and make-up in 1990s and their relevancy. Through this paper we hope that make-up can be accepted as a part of total fashion in its relationship with other elements such as shoes, clothes and accessory and that it can be considered as a independent art that has direct influence on people. The trend of Spring/Summer between 1990 and 92is the image of natural beauty and comfortable and modernistic image that can be experienced through nature. In 1992, there was a revival look of 1960s and 1970s. Make-up also followed this trend. The overall color tone was to give natural and stable images with pastel tone to soften the images. This tone brought back the ecology of 1960s. The theme of restoration in humanity and nostalgia was reflected in clothing, and these trend changed the ecology of make-up to peace, love and romantic ecology which was expressed in coral, blue, and green tone to create intelligent image of woman. Year 1996 could be called as color revolution period that emphasized the unique and individual expression of each person. In 1997, black, pastel and brown colors were the result of reinterpreting the classic and sexy images of 1960s to natural and modernistic image of 1997. Purple color started to be introduced to us. The beginning of 1990s Fall/Winter season was based on ecology concept that emphasized the natural image. Until 1995 it appeared that spring/summer and fall/winter trend had no big differences. But from 1995 seasonal differences in trend are appeared and there were various make-up designs. In 1995, 1996, brown color lines make-up comes to mix with romantic image and developed into wine, orange, neon colors. These color were the symbol of property and sentiment and gold make-up emphasizing the eye area was the tendency of that period. In 1997, the fear of coming end of century was expressed as decadent image and at that time ethnic image, romantic image appeared with vivid color lines, gold, red and violet.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1135-1141
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• 2009

Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are consumed as an important dietary source of provitamin A including $\beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene and lutein. An HPLC method was applied to determine the content of the carotenoid composition in carrot cutivars cultivated in Korea. HPLC analyses were carried out with five carrot cultivars (Socheon-5-chon, Hongsim-5-chon, Myeongju-5-chon, Seonhongbom-5-chon and Betarich) sown at April, 2007 and six cultivars (Yeoreum-5-chon, Hanyeoreum-5-chon, Sinheukjeon-5-chon, Bibariheukjeon, Manina and Betarich) sown at August of the same year. In general, the former varieties are not used for the sowing at summer because of their bolting (growth of floral axis). The former and the latter carrots were harvested after 110 and 96 days from seeding, respectively, and the carotenoids were extracted with acetone after freeze-drying. The amount of $\alpha$-carotene ($117.7{\sim}205.3\;{\mu}g/g{\cdot}DW$) was similar to that of $\beta$-carotene ($113.1{\sim}189.6\;{\mu}g/g{\cdot}DW$) for the carrot cultivars sown at spring, while the content ($46.2{\sim}71.1\;{\mu}g/g{\cdot}DW$) was about a half of $\beta$-carotene content ($92.5{\sim}140.2\;{\mu}g/g{\cdot}DW$) for the latter cultivars. In addition, the average content of lutein ($25.2\;{\mu}g/g{\cdot}DW$) in the former cultivars was eight times higher than that in the latter cultivars ($3.1\;{\mu}g/g{\cdot}DW$). Among the spring cultivation types, Socheon-5-chon and Myeongju-5-chon showed higher amount of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene, while the higher amount was determined in Yeoreum-5-chon and Sinheukjeon-5-chon among the autumn cultivation types. Validation of the HPLC-DAD method showed good linearity ($r^2$ > 0.997) of the three compounds analyzed in a wide concentration range ($0.025{\sim}20\;{\mu}g/ml$). The R.S.D. values for intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 19.2% and the mean recovery of each compound was 85.4~104.7%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 1991

These studies were conducted to investigate overwintering forms and adult population fluctuation in field condition, and life cycle in field-cage condition of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Plutella xylostella overwintered as all the stages of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults in southern region of Korea. The occurrence which adult moths were attracted by light trap at 5-day intervals, reached their peaks in May, mid-June to mid-July, and late September to early November, and fell in late July to mid-September. Under field-cage condition, they occurred 10-11 generations a year and the period of adult emergence from egg was 11-18 days in July and August, 19-23 days in June and September, 28-34 days in April, May and October, and about 50-100 days in other months. And the longevities of adults were 4-11 days in summer, 7-17 days in spring and fall. A number of eggs laid by individual female ranged from 50 to 240. The females laid more eggs in spring and fall than they did in summer. The period of developmental stages under field-cage conditions was 2-3 days for eggs, 7-8 days for larvae and 4-6 days for pupae in July and August; 4-5 days for eggs, 3-12 days for larvae and 6-8 days for pupae in June and September; 6-18 days for eggs, 13-20 days for larvae and 8-14 days for pupae in March, April, May and October; and 12-40 days for eggs, 50-100 days for larvae, and about 20 days for pupae in winter.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2009

The stone Buddha and Shrine of Unjusa temple (Korean Treasure No. 797) at Hwasun formed in Koryo Dynasty is unique style which faces each other the back parts of south and north within the stone Shrine. The stone Buddha and Shrine is highly evaluated in historical, artistic and academic respects. But, the stone properties have been exposed in the open system various aspects of degradations weathered for a long time without specific protective facilities. To inquire into relative deterioration and environmental factor, air temperature and relative humidity of the stone Buddha and Shrine were monitored for a year of the indoor and outdoor, respectively. As a result, the temperature shows increase and decrease according to the seasons in the tendency to clear. While the relative humidity is high to keep all four seasons. Highly relative humidity environment induces dew condensation on the interior of stone Buddha and Shrine. The dew condensation is recorded at the spring, summer and winter season. The summer season is double the total of spring and winter season. In the case of summer, dew condensation is long time continued due to high temperature and relative humidity that is kept by more than nearly 100%. There is progress towards chemical weathering throughout dissolve rock properties and alteration on the rock surface. In the case of winter, dew condensation is not kept for a long time as summer. In the winter, which showing a below zero may add physical weathering throughout moisture that happen by dew condensation to repeat freezing and thawing. Therefore, the reduction plan of the relative humidity effect on dew condensation should be prepared.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2023

This study was conducted from October 2021 to October 2022 at Gulup island, Incheon, South Korea, to identify activity patterns of Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus) introduced in island areas, using camera trapping. We described the daily activity patterns of Formosan sika deer in each season by analyzing kernel density estimates of capture frequency and checked seasonal differences in daily activity patterns by analyzing the overlap coefficient between seasons. Formosan sika deers introduced to Gulup island showed a crepuscular behavior pattern only in winter and no distinct pattern from spring to fall. The crepuscular behavior pattern is typical for deers to reduce the risk of predation, and it is determined that Formosan sika deers introduced to Gulup island were affected by population control of the species by the local government in the winter. It was in contrast to the fact that human activities, such as backpacking, frequently carried out from spring to fall, did not affect the behavior of Formosan sika deers. Moreover, low winter temperatures have been shown to affect the nocturnal activities of Formosan sika deers in winter. The behavior patterns of Formosan sika deers overlapped least between summer and winter due to cold winter weather and population control. The relationship between the temporal status of Formosan sika deers and seasonal temperature confirmed in this study can be important basic ecological data for establishing control measures of Formosan sika deers introduced not only in islands but also in inland.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.475-489
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• 2010

In order to verify the enhancement of ozone and carbon monoxide (CO) during springtime in East Asia, we investigated weather conditions and data from remote sensors, air quality models, and air quality monitors. These include the geopotential height archived from the final (FNL) meteorological field, the potential vorticity and the wind velocity simulated by the Meteorological Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5), the back trajectory estimated by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, the total column amount of ozone and the aerosol index retrieved from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), the total column density of CO retrieved from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), and the concentration of ozone and CO simulated by the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART). In particular, the total column density of CO, which mightoriginate from the combustion of fossil fuels and the burning of biomass in China, increased in East Asia during spring 2000. In addition, the enhancement of total column amounts of ozone and CO appeared to be associated with both the upper cut-off low near 500 hPa and the frontogenesis of a surface cyclone during a weak Asian dust event. At the same time, high concentrations of ozone and CO on the Earth's surface were shown at the Seoul air quality monitoring site, located at the surface frontogenesis in Korea. It was clear that the ozone was invaded by the downward stretched vortex anomalies, which included the ozone-rich airflow, during movement and development of the cut-off low, and then there was the catalytic photochemical reaction of ozone precursors on the Earth's surface during the day. In addition, air pollutants such as CO and aerosol were tracked along both the cyclone vortex and the strong westerly as shown at the back trajectory in Seoul and Busan, respectively. Consequently, the maxima of ozone and CO between the two areas showed up differently because of the time lag between those gases, including their catalytic photochemical reactions together with the invasion from the upper troposphere, as well as the path of their transport from China during the weak Asian dust event.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2017

Real-time monitoring of hourly concentrations of atmospheric Radon-222 ($^{222}Rn$, radon) and some gaseous pollutants ($SO_2$, CO, $O_3$) was performed throughout 2013-2014 at Gosan station of Jeju Island, one of the cleanest regions in Korea, in order to characterize their background levels and temporal variation trend. The hourly mean concentrations of radon and three gaseous pollutants ($SO_2$, CO, $O_3$) over the study period were $2216{\pm}1100mBq/m^3$, $0.6{\pm}0.7ppb$, $211.6{\pm}102.0ppb$, and $43.0{\pm}17.0ppb$, respectively. The seasonal order of radon concentrations was as fall ($2644mBq/m^3$)$${\sim_\sim}$$winter ($2612mBq/m^3$)>spring ($2022mBq/m^3$)>summer ($1666mBq/m^3$). The concentrations of $SO_2$ and CO showed similar patterns with those of radon as high in winter and low in summer, whereas the $O_3$ concentrations had a bit different trend. Based on cluster analyses of air mass back trajectories, the air mass frequencies originating from Chinese continent, North Pacific Ocean, and the Korean Peninsula routes were 30, 18, and 52%, respectively. When the air masses were moved from Chinese continent to Jeju Island, the concentrations of radon and gaseous pollutants ($SO_2$, CO, $O_3$) were relatively high: $2584mBq/m^3$, 0.76 ppb, 225.8 ppb, and 46.4 ppb. On the other hand, when the air masses were moved from North Pacific Ocean, their concentrations were much low as $1282mBq/m^3$, 0.24 ppb, 166.1 ppb, and 32.5 ppb, respectively.