• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2023

Objective: To investigate changes in the immature teeth of Sprague-Dawley rats during orthodontic treatment and to explore the changes in the peri-radicular alveolar bone through micro-computed tomography (CT). Methods: Twenty-five 26-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were included. The maxillary left first molar was moved mesially under a continuous force of 30 cN, and the right first molar served as the control. After orthodontic treatment for 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days, the root length, tooth volume, and alveolar bone mineral density (BMD) around the mesial root were measured through micro-CT. Results: The immature teeth continued to elongate after application of orthodontic force. The root length on the force side was significantly smaller than that on the control side, whereas the differences in the volume change between both sides were not statistically significant. Alveolar bone in the coronal part of the compression and tension sides showed no difference in BMD between the experimental and control groups. The BMD of the experimental group decreased from day 14 to day 42 in the apical part of the compression side and increased from day 7 to day 42 in the apical part of the tension side. The BMD of the experimental group decreased in the root apex part on day 7. Conclusions: The root length and volume of immature teeth showed continued development under orthodontic forces. Alveolar bone resorption was observed on the compression side, and bone formation was observed on the tension side.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.552-561
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• 2023

The endocrinology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its predisposing factors have been studied extensively while its skeletal effects have received negligible research despite this being a global disease. The cellular and molecular association between proximal humeral fractures and T2D has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to study bone cell quantities and immunolabel osteogenic and antiosteogenic cytokines. The study used 12-week-old rats (23 males) consisting of 8 Sprague Dawley (SD) and 15 Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley (ZDSD). Weekly mass measurements were taken while fasting blood glucose levels were recorded every 2 weeks with oral glucose tolerance tests conducted once every 4 weeks. Upon termination at the age of 28 weeks, humeri were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, prior to decalcification in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The bone samples were then processed in ascending grades of alcohol using an automatic processor before embedding in paraffin wax. Sections were cut at 5 ㎛ thickness in a series for Haematoxylin and Eosin stain, and immunohistochemistry was performed with the anti-tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), anti-alkaline phosphatase (ALP), anti-bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3), anti-transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), anti-aged glycation end product (AGE) antibodies in the sequence. ZDSD rats had more adipocytes, BMP3 and AGEs expression with higher numbers of TRAP positive osteocytes and fewer ALP cells although no differences were found in TGFβ1 immunopositivity. We also found that T2D increases the number of AGEs immuno-positive cells, as well as its extracellular expression, thus providing a conducive environment for the interaction of the osteogenic cytokine and its antagonist to suppress osteoblastogenesis. ZDSD groups had higher adipocyte numbers therefore increased marrow adiposity in T2D.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2024

Objectives : Jeopgoltang (JGT) is a new Korean herbal medicine formulation that is used to treat bone fractures. Although JGT is frequently used in clinical practice, there is a lack of scientific evidence on its safety. This study aimed to evaluate the preclinical toxicity of JGT using a single oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods : Five male and female rats per group were orally administered 1,250, 2,500, or 5,000 mg/kg of JGT after fasting for 12 h. Mortality and changes in clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings were monitored for 14 days according to the guidelines of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Results : No significant clinical signs or mortality were observed after a single administration of up to 5,000 mg/kg. In addition, no significant necropsy findings related to JGT administration were observed. Conclusions: In conclusion, these results suggest that approximate Lethal Dose (ALD) of JGT on SD rats is over 5,000 mg/kg.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.294-304
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• 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly becoming more prevalent worldwide together with hospital care costs from secondary complications such as bone fractures. Femoral fracture risk is higher in diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the osteometric and microarchitecture of the femur of Zucker Diabetic Sprague-Dawley (ZDSD) femur. Ten-week-old male rats (n=38) consisting of 16 control Sprague-Dawley (SD) and 22 ZDSD rats were used. The rats were terminated at 20 weeks and others at 28 weeks of age to assess age, diabetes duration effects and its severity. Bilateral femora were taken for osteometry, bone mass measurements and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography scanning to assess the trabecular number (TbN), thickness (TbTh), spaces (TbSp), bone tissue volume to total volume (BV/TV) and volume (BV). Diabetic rats had shorter (except for 20-weeks-old), lighter, narrower, and less robust bones than SD controls that wered more robust. Although cortical area was similar in all diabatic and control rats, medullary canal area was the largest in ZDSD rats. This means that the diabetic rats bones were short, light and hollow. Diabetic rats aged 20 weeks had reduced BV, BV/TV, TbN with more spacing (TbSp). In contrast, the 28 weeks old diabetic rats only showed reduced BV and TbN. Discriminant function analysis revealed, for the first time, that osteometric parameters and TbTh, TbN, and TbSp were affected by diabetes. This knowledge is valuable in the management of diabetic complications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2000

연구배경: 기관지천식은 기도의 과민성을 특징을 지닌 기도의 염증성 질환이며, 기관지천식에서의 기도 염종의 특성에 관한 연구는 기관지천식의 병인과 병태생리를 이해하는데 필수적이다. 본 연구의 목적은 백서에서 국내에서 개발된 일실 체용적 변동기록기을 이용하여 항원에 의한 반응을 관찰하여 기관지천식의 모델을 확립하고, 사람 기관지 천식과의 유사성을 알아보고자 백서의 기관지천식 모텔에서 기도의 염증을 관찰하여 항원에 의한 기도의 반응 양상에 따른 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 백서 30마리에 0.1mg의 난황을 피하로 주입하여 감작시키고, 감작후 14-16일 항원유발시험을 시행하여 각 10마리씩 3군으로 나누어 기도의 반응을 관찰하면서 1시간, 6-8시간, 24시간 후에 사망시켜 폐조직의 변화를 관찰하였다. 대조군 10마리는 감작군과 동일한 방법으로 항원을 흡입하고 1일 후에 사망시켰다. 기도반응은 동물용 일실 체용적 변동기록기를 사용하여 enhanced pause(Penh)를 지표로 측정하였다. 병리소견은 백서를 사망시켜 폐와 기관지를 절제한 후 Hematoxylin Eosin으로 염색하여 기관, 대기관지 및 소기관지 및 혈관주위에서 염증반응과 호산구 침윤을 관찰하였다. 결 과: 항원 유발시험을 시행한 20마리중 총 17마리(85%)에서 항원에 의한 기도의 수축반응을 보였다. 이들중 15 마리(75%)에서 조기반응을, 5 마리(25%)는 이중반응을 보였고 2마리(10%)는 후기반응만을 보였다. 항원 유발 후 기관, 대기관지, 소기관지와 혈관주 위에서의 염증반응은 1시간군, 6시간군, 1일군모두에서 대조군과 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 항원유발시험후 호산구의 침윤은 1시간군과 대조군에서는 호산구의 침윤을 전혀 관찰할 수 없었으나, 6시간군은 5마리(50%)에서 호산구의 침윤을 관찰하였으며, 대조군과 유의한 호산구의 침윤을 관찰할 수 있었다(p<0.05). 조기반응과 후기반응을 관찰할 수 있었던 6시간군과 1일군에서 조기반응군(조기반응만을 보인 백서, n=10)과 후기반응군(이중반응과 후기반응만을 보인 백서, n=7) 에서 염증의 침윤은 모든 부위에서 유의한 차이는 없었다. 호산구의 침윤은 조기반응군에는 10마리중 4마리(40%)에서 $0.7{\pm}1.1$등급이었으며, 후기반응군은 7마리중 4 마리(57.1%)에서 $1.0{\pm}1.0$으로 높았으나, 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다(p>0.05). 결 론: 백서의 기관지천식 모델에서 항원에 의한 기도의 수축 반응은 높고 반응률을 보였으나 기도의 염증 반응을 유발하지는 않으며, 호산구의 침윤도 미약하다고 생각된다. 그러므로 백서 기관지 천식모델은 항원에 의한 기도 반응의 연구에는 좋으나, 사랑의 만성 기관지 천식을 연구하기에는 적당치 못하다고 생각된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.133-136
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• 1995

HRccine(HFRS-virus vaccine) was administered subcutaneously or intragastrically to Spargue Dawley rats and subcutaneously to Japanese white rabbits to investigate the acute toxicity. $LD_50$ values were above 600 times the expected clinical dose in both animals. There were no differences in body weight changes, clinical signs and autopsy findings between all treated groups and control group in both animals. Therefore, it was concluded that HRccine is a very safe substance.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.323-325
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• 1997

Ag-Os, water treatment agent, was administered orally to ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the acute oral toxicity. $LD_{50}$ values were above 5 g/kg, 2,000 fold higher than the expected concentration in water, in both species with oral administration. There were also no differences in body weight changes, clinical signs and atopsy findings between all treated groups and control group. Therefore, it was concluded that Ag-Os is a very safe compound.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.555-559
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 팔라티노스 시럽 Pal-L을 반복 투여하였을 때 나타나는 독성을 확인하기 위하여 암수 SD rat에 1,000 mg/kg의 용량으로 14일간 1일 1회 경구 투여한 후 사망률, 일반 증상, 체중 및 사료/음수 섭취량 변화, 장기 중량의 변화, 혈액 및 혈액 생화학적 변화, 뇨 분석 및 간과 신장의 조직학적 검사에 대한 변화를 관찰하였다. 실험 결과 투여 기간 중 암수 대조군 및 Pal-L을 투여한 군 모두 사망 동물은 발견되지 않았으며, 팔라티노스의 반복 투여에 의한 일반 증상의 변화 역시 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 체중 및 사료/음수 섭취량에 대한 변화, 장기 중량의 변화에 대한 이상 변화 역시 관찰되지 않았다. 부검 후 채취한 전혈의 혈액학적 분석 결과, 암컷 Pal-L 투여군에서 Hgb, MCHC, PLT의 수치가 유의적인 차이를 보였으나 정상 범위 내에서의 차이로 팔라티노스에 의한 독성이라고 판단하기는 어려웠으며, 혈액의 생화학적 분석 결과 암수 대조군 및 시험군에서 모든 항목이 정상 수치를 나타냈다. 부검 전 채취한 뇨를 분석한 결과 암컷 시험군에서 glucose, 수컷 시험군에서 total protein 수치가 유의적으로 감소하였지만 정상 범위 내에서의 차이로 팔라티노스에 의한 독성이라고 판단하기 또한 어려웠다. 혈액, 혈청 및 뇨에서 일부 유의적인 차이가 나타난 것을 바탕으로 간 및 신장에 대한 조직병리학적 검사를 진행한 결과 대조군과 시험군 모두 조직학적 이상은 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 SD rat을 이용하여 팔라티노스(Palatinose-L)를 1,000 mg/kg/day의 용량으로 14일간 반복 경구투여하고 사망 여부, 체중 변화, 혈액학적 검사, 혈액 생화학적 검사, 뇨 분석 및 조직학적 검사 등을 통해 독성 평가를 진행하고자 하였다. 그 결과 2주간의 투여 기간 동안 시험 동물에게 어떠한 독성도 관찰되지 않았음을 확인하였고, 이에 따라 팔라티노스(Pal-L)는 1,000 mg/kg/day 용량까지는 독성이 없는 안전한 물질이라는 것이 최종 확인되었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.161-174
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• 2001

Objectives : The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of Chungpesagan-Tang Extracts on reversible forebrain ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : the volume of cerebral infarction and edema, the pathohistological change of neurons, the number of survived neurons, neurotransmitters through immunohistochemical methods, proteins connected with neurotransmitters through immunohistochemical methods and the pathohistological change of neurons through electro-microscopy were investigated. From these reseach data, the protection of neurons and the activity of brain cells were examined. Results : 1. The infaction volume of the control group was 23.9%, and that of the sample group was 16%. 2. The brain edema volume of the control group increased by 17% compared to the normal group and that of the sample group increased by 10%. 3. The light microscopy revealed that the neurons in the ischemia-induced area and CA1 area of hippocampus were most heavily damaged and that the sample group was less damaged compared with the control group. Most pyramidal neurons died in 7 days when brain ischemia was induced. 4. The number of survived pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus were studied. The normal group had 93 neurons/mm, survived the control group(after 3 days) had 21/mm, the control group(after 7 days) had 3/mm and the sample group 33/mm. 5. The immunohistochemical methods revealed that: (1) In the control group, the sensitivity of GABA, NOS, DBH were increased, and those of Synapsin, eEF-$1{\alpha}$ decreased. NOS and DBH had positive reactions in the control group, but negative in the normal group. (2) In thd sample group, the sensitivity of GABA, NOS, DBH were attenuated, and those of NPY, Synapsin, CaMKII, eEF-$1{\alpha}$ increased when compared to the control group. 6. The electro-microscopy revealed that most neurons died by necrosis and some neurons died by apoptosis. Several imflammation cells appeared in the injured area of neurons. The number of neurons in the sample group that died by ischemia decreased. But, the number that died by apoptosis did not significantly change. Conclusions : The data shows that the effect of Chungpesagan-Tang Extracts on reversible forebrain ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats is significant.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2022

Objectives : Single oral dose toxicity test of Lythri Herba water extracts (LHWE) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat was performed to determine approximate lethal dose (ALD) of LHWE. Methods : This test was progressed according to OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals : acute oral toxicity. After adaptation of 7 days, SD rats were divided into 2 groups : vehicle control and 5000 mg/kg LHWE-treated group. Each group consisted of 5 female rats and 5 male rats. Vehicle or 5000 mg/kg LHWE was orally administrated once a day. Survival rates, general toxicity, and changes of body weight were investigated for 14 days after administration. On the last day of examination, the weight of all animals was measured and an autopsy was performed. All internal organ abnormalities were checked macroscopically and their findings were recorded. Results : In both groups, dead animals were not observed. During 14 days of administration, abnormal clinical signs were not detected. There was also no significant difference in weight gains between each group. Autopsy analysis showed that one case of the LHWE-treated female group had retention of clear fluid in the uterus; however, it was not considered to be affected by LHWE administration. Moreover, abnormal findings were not discovered in the control male group and the LHWE-treated male group. Conclusions : These results suggest that the ALD of LHWE exceed 5000 mg/kg and single oral administration of LHWE below 5000 mg/kg is nontoxic.