• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.39-55
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to provide the necessary fundamental data in composing a systematic text content of the public health by analyzing each text, domain, and teaching contents suggested in the textbooks as well as teachers' guides of the 7th elementary school education curriculum, while the study subjects were as follows. 1. The health education content suggested in the 7th physical education curriculum were analyzed and examined. 2. The health teaching content of each textbook in the 7th elementary school curriculum was to be analyzed and examined. In order to resolve the above research issues, the physical, spiritual, and social domain along with the (1) Proper living habit, (2) Health and nutrition, (3) Sex education, (4) Prevention of the sense-organic diseases, (5) Cleanliness of food, (6) Oral hygiene, (7) Individual health and public health, (8) Safety in living, (9) Abuse and usage of medication, educational content suggested in the 7tand (10) Environment pollution focused around the health of the elementary school education curriculum was analyzed and its outcome was as below First, compared with the 6th elementary school education curriculum, the health content suggested in the 7th elementary school education curriculum was decreased. Second, although each grade's teaching content of the health domain in the physical education was considered in its structure following after the according systems, they were preponderant in partial subjects such as the safety in living, nutrition, proper living habit, sport, and health in sport. oo. Third, the health education content was organized in 4 units such as the physical growth and development, prevention of diseases, safe living, and leisure living(leisure, spiritual health, and etc.) for the 3rd and 4th grade. Then, as for 5th and 6th grade, it was organized in 3 units such as the understanding the human body, prevention of disease, and leisure and safe living. Fourth, in the physical educational health domain, a strong point was constructed within the physical, spiritual, and social areas of the elementary school physical education. Fifth, the number of the public health education contents directly related with the health education was 43 as with 25 indirect contents. Sixth, each grade's domain unit structure of the public health content was heavy upon the physical and social area throughout every grade while in opposite, the spiritual domain' s unit structure was weak. In according to each grade, the physical domain was stressed in 4, 5, and 6 grades while the social domain was stressed in 1, 5, and 6 grades.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 2015

Objective : The purposes of this study was to analyze the effects of the stirrup length fitted to the rider's lower limb length and it's impact on less skilled riders during trot in equestrian events. Methods : Participants selected as subjects consisted of less skilled riders(n=5, mean age: $40.02{\pm}10.75yrs$, mean heights: $169.77{\pm}2.08cm$, mean body weights: $67.65{\pm}7.76kg$, lower limb lengths: $97.26{\pm}2.35cm$, mean horse heights: $164.00{\pm}5.74cm$ with 2 type of stirrups lengths(lower limb ratio 74.04%, and 79.18%) during trot. The variables analyzed consisted of the displacement for Y axis and Z axis(head, and center of mass[COM]) with asymmetric index, trunk front-rear angle(consistency index), lower limb joint(Right hip, knee, and ankle), and average vertical forces of horse rider during 1 stride in trot. The 4 camcorder(HDR-HC7/HDV 1080i, Spony Corp, Japan) was used to capture horse riding motion at a rate of 60 frames/sec. Raw data was collected from Kwon3D XP motion analysis package ver 4.0 program(Visol, Korea) during trot. Results : The movements and asymmetric index didn't show significant difference at head and COM, Also, 74.04% stirrups lengths in trunk tilting angle showed significant difference with higher consistency than that of 79.18% stirrups lengths. Hip and knee joint angle showed significant difference with more extended posture than that of 74.04% stirrups lengths during trot. Ankle angle of 79.18% stirrups length showed more plantarflexion than that of 74.04% stirrups lengths. Average vertical force of rider showed significant difference with higher force at 79.18% stirrups lengths than that of 74.04% stirrups lengths during stance phase. Conclusion : When considering the above, 74.04% stirrups length could be effective in impulse reduction with consistent posture in rather less skilled horse riders.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of changes in degrees of freedom of the fingers (i.e., the number of the fingers involved in tasks) on the task performance during force production and releasing task. Method: Eight right-handed young men (age: $29.63{\pm}3.02yr$, height: $1.73{\pm}0.04m$, weight: $70.25{\pm}9.05kg$) participated in this study. The subjects were required to press the transducers with three combinations of fingers, including the index-middle (IM), index-middle-ring (IMR), and index-middle-ring-little (IMRL). During the trials, they were instructed to maintain a steady-state level of both normal and tangential forces within the first 5 sec. After the first 5 sec, the subjects were instructed to release the fingers on the transducers as quickly as possible at a self-selected manner within the next 5 sec, resulting in zero force at the end. Customized MATLAB codes (MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) were written for data analysis. The following variables were quantified: 1) finger force sharing pattern, 2) root mean square error (RMSE) of force to the target force in three axes at the aiming phase, 3) the time duration of the release phase (release time), and 4) the accuracy and precision indexes of the virtual firing position. Results: The RMSE was decreased with the number of fingers increased in both normal and tangential forces at the steady-state phase. The precision index was smaller (more precise) in the IMR condition than in the IM condition, while no significant difference in the accuracy index was observed between the conditions. In addition, no significant difference in release time was found between the conditions. Conclusion: The study provides evidence that the increased number of fingers resulted in better error compensation at the aiming phase and performed a more constant shooting (i.e., smaller precision index). However, the increased number of fingers did not affect the release time, which may influence the consistency of terminal performance. Thus, the number of fingers led to positive results for the current task.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to compare 4 different body punch types(type 1: a punch using a shoulder, type 2: a punch using a waist, type 3: a punch using lower extremities, and type 4: a punch with elbows by your side at chest level) in horseback-riding stance and establish suitable teaching theory and method, which would be a useful reference to Taekwondo instructors on the spot(in Taekwondo dojangs all around Korea). Five exhibition players from Korean national Taekwondo exhibition team participated in this study. Each participant was asked to perform the four different types of punches and their kinematic and kinetic data were recorded with 7 vicon cameras(125Hz) and two force plates(AMTI, 1200Hz). We analyzed displacement, time, resultant center of body mass trajectory, velocity, trunk angular velocity, and ground reaction force(GRF) from each body segment in body punch and the result. I performed 1-way ANOVA(RM) for average values of each player after standardization and statistical significance was set as p<.05. was as the following ; First, they showed a tendency to take the body punch posture with the biggest motion at a shoulder and on descending order a waist and a knee. Second, a mean time for each body punch on ascending order 0.46sec. for type 2, 0.49sec for type 3, 0.50sec. for type 4, and 0.56sec. for type 1. Third, a mean resultant center of body mass trajectory for each body punch the longest 4.07cm for type 3 and the shortest 2.458cm for type 1. Fourth, a mean of maximal velocity of a fist strike was the fastest 5.99m/s for type 3, 5.93m/s for type 4, 5.67m/s for type 2, and 5.01m/s for type 1 on the descending order. Fifth, a mean of maximal trunk angular velocity of the fastest 495.6deg./sec. for type 4 and 337.7deg./sec. for type 1 on the descending order. Sixth, strongest value was type 3, 2 for anterior-posterior ground reaction force(left -54.89N, right 60.58N), type 4 for medial-lateral GRF(left 83.59N, right -80.12N), and type 3 for vertical GRF(left 341.79N, right 426.11N).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.771-778
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• 2009

We aimed to determine the effect of heel height on foot pressure by comparing and analyzing data on foot pressure in shoes with different heel heights. Qn the basis of a previous study, we selected 3cm and 7cm as the shoe heel heights preferred by female college students. We divided 10 female students into forefoot and hindfoot to measure vertical force, maximum pressure, and average pressure. The average pressure on the forefoot was higher and that on the hindfoot was lower in the case of 7cm high-heeled shoes. The maximum pressure on the forefoot was significantly higher in the case of the 7cm heel height (p<.05). The vertical force, maximum pressure, and average pressure on the hindfoot were also significantly higher in the case of the 7cm heel height (p<.05). The results showed that wearing 7cm high-heeled shoes exerted greater maximum pressure on the forefoot and greater vertical force, maximum pressure, and average pressure on the Hndfoot. This leads to increase in confining pressure caused by high pressure distribution over the forefoot and increase in the pressure on the hindfoot, which may cause deformation of toes and heel pain over a long period. Therefore, female college students who wish to wear high heels are recommended to wear 3cm high-heeled shoes rather than 7cm high-heeled shoes.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2006

The primary purpose of a TKA is to restore normal knee function Therefore, ideally, a TKA should: (a) maintain the natural leverage of the knee joint muscles to ensure generating adequate knee muscle moments to accomplish daily tasks such as rising from climbing stairs; (b) provide adequate knee joint stability. A 16-channel MyoResearch XP EMG system was used to collect the differential input surface electromyography signals VM, VL, RF, BF, ST during climbing/descending stair tests. A Peak Motion Measurement System was used to collect the kinematic and kinetic data. AKIN-COM Ill isokinetic dynamometer was used for EMG of VM, VL, RF, BF and ST during maximal voluntary contraction. I Quadriceps EMG results for the VM of the passed 1year group limb demonstrated significant less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb $60^{\circ}-15^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). The VL of the passed 1year group limb also demonstrated significants less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $60^{\circ}-45^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). Similar to the VM and VL, the RF of the passed 1year group limb showed less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $60^{\circ}-30^{\circ}$ do knee flexion(p<0.05). Hamstring EMG results for the BF of the passed 1year group limb demonstrated less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $75^{\circ}-15^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). The passed 1year group limb tended to have less ADD displacement(p<0.071) than that of the passed 3year group limb. There was no significant difference of the ABD displacement between the passed 1year group and the passed 3year group limbs(p<0.73). The passed 3year group used compensatory adaptation movement strategies to compensate for the strength deficit of passed 3year group limbs. The passed 3year group limb also increased the quadriceps muscle activation level to produce more knee extension moment to compensate for the short quadriceps moment arm. The passe 3year group limb might have an unstable knee joint in the medio-Iateral direction during the climbing/descending by showing a tendency of more ADD displacement and greater hamming co-activation EMG than the passed 1year group limbs. The TKA design was not able to help the knee joint to produce adequate knee extension moment with less quadriceps muscle effort. I think that old man needs continuous exercise for muscle strength.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.297-309
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• 2009

The study analyzed the mechanism of plantar foot pressure distribution during pitching wedge swinging on a flat, an up hill lie and a down hill lie to provide the fundamental information regarding biomechanical motion data by using plantar foot pressure measuring instrument. In the results, time factor spanning according to slope differences, plantar foot pressure factor and swing motion on the slope could have negative effect on the coiling of lower limbs during back swing, as well as the blocking of the lower limbs to minimize the dispersion of the weight and the release of the lower limbs after the impact during the down swing process. Moreover, since slope is one of many external factors affecting swing motion, address motion on an up hill lie limits the lower limbs movement, therefore, a relatively narrow stance is better on a down hill lie. It is estimated that a relatively wide stance would be better in order to limit the bigger activation of the lower limbs. Not only for the address motion but also during the down swing on an up hill lie it is concluded that the weight should be on the left foot in order to keep the body balance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.347-357
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare EMG and GRF during a free throw. Seven pairs of surface electrodes were attached to the right-hand side of the body to monitor the flexor carpi radialis (FC), extensor carpi radialis longus (EC), biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (GM). GRF data from two force platform were collected during a free throw. The results showed that the muscle activities in the unskilled group must be highly activated prior to the moment of release. This means that a skilled participant can shoot a free throw more efficiently while producing less muscle activeness than an unskilled participant. The DCP of unskilled group in the medio-lateral direction were greater than the corresponding values in skilled group. This showed that the unskilled group were not able to shoot the free throws stably. Thus, when a teacher or instructor teaches students how to shoot free throw, it is considered that the teacher show the learner how to use not only the upper limbs but also lower limbs on the basis of the efficent connecting movement and the flexibility in a stable procedure.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.33-42
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze kinematic variables during Side kick motion in Taekwon Aerobics. The subjects of this study were the 7 skilled and 7 unskilled female college students. A QTM and an Auto Track were used to acquire raw data. The sampling rates camera was 100 Hz. The parameters were calculated and analyzed with Visual3D and SPSS 12.0. The results were as following; 1. In the elapsed time, there was no significance difference statically between a skilled and unskilled group. 2. In the cases of knee angle, there was significant difference statically at Maximum Knee Flexion2(p=0.046, F=4.925). 3. In the cases of knee angular velocity, there was significant difference statically at Maximum Knee Flexion1(p=0.031, F=5.940). 4. In the flexion/extension of hip angle, there was significant difference statically at Maximum Knee Flexion2(p=0.012, F=8.668). 5. In the abduction/adduction of hip angular velocity, there was significant difference statically at Minimum Knee Flexion (p=0.019, F=7.324). 6. In the external rotation/internal rotation of hip angular velocity, there was significant difference statically Minimum Knee Flexion(p=0.005, F=11.87).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.397-405
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• 2016

Objective: Pilates is a low/mid-intensity exercise that can be easily performed by elderly individuals as it is an individual body-oriented exercise. It is also a cardio workout that can be performed anywhere to develop strength and flexibility. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 8 week Pilates program on the balancing ability of elderly individuals. Method: The research participants were selected from elderly residents in B city. Ten individuals voluntarily signed an agreement to undergo free measurements as well as to participate in the workout program. (Height: $157.1{\pm}11.9cm$, Weight: $61.7{\pm}8.0kg$). The Pilates exercise was performed 60 minutes a day, three times a week for a total of eight weeks. The measurement variables used to test balance were the vestibular test, 5 m habitual and maximum walk test and 3 m tandem walk test. A series of paired t-test were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 to analyze all the research data collected in order to determine the balance ability of the participants before and after the Pilates program. Additionally, the statistically significant level for all analysis was set to ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: In the vestibular test, some meaningful changes were observed in the length envelope area (ENV) while standing on one foot, but there were no significant differences in the ENV, rectangle(REC), root mean square, and total length. Results also revealed that statistically significant differences existed in the 5 m habitual and maximum walk test, as well as the 3 m tandem walk test. Conclusion: To summarize the findings, the 8 week Pilates program employed in this study significantly improved the dynamic balance of the elderly participants. Thus, elderly individuals that frequent perform Pilates are expected to enjoy positive benefits such as increased balance and fewer falling accidents.