• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.115-126
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate plantar foot pressure and static balance according to the type of insole in the elderly. Methods: Thirteen elderly (mean age: $67.08{\pm}2.25years$, mean height: $159.63{\pm}9.64cm$, mean body weight: $61.48{\pm}9.06kg$) who had no previous injury experience in the lower limbs and a normal gait pattern participated in this study. Three models of insoles of the normal, 3D, and triangle types were selected for the test. The Pedar-X system and Pedar-X insoles, 3.3 km/h of walking speed, and a compilation of 20 steps walking stages were used to analyze foot-pressure distribution. Static balance test was conducted using Gaitview AFA-50, and balance (opening eyes, closing eyes) was inspected for 20 s. One-way ANOVA was conducted to test the significance of the results with the three insoles. p-value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean foot pressure under the forefoot regions was the lowest with the 3D insole during treadmill walking (p<.05). The mean value under the midfoot was the highest with the 3D insole (left: p<.05, right: p<.01). The mean value under the rearfoot was the lowest with the 3D insole (p<.001). The maximum foot pressure value under the foot regions was the lowest on both sides of the forefoot with the 3D insole. A statistically significant difference was seen only in the left foot (p<.01). The maximum value under the midfoot was the highest with the 3D insole (p<.001). No statistically significant difference was detected on the values under the rearfoot. In the case of vertical ground reaction force (GRF), statistically significant difference was seen only in the left side rearfoot (p<.01). However, static balance values (ENV, REC, RMS, Total Length, Sway velocity, and Length/ENV) did not show significant differences by the type of insole. Conclusion: These results show that functional insoles can decrease plantar pressure and GRF under the forefoot and rearfoot. Moreover, functional insoles can dislodge the overload of the rearfoot and forefoot to the midfoot. However, functional insoles do not affect the static balance in the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine whether hormone levels change knee laxity in healthy females. Twenty three healthy females were recruited for the study. Serum estradiol and progesterone levels were recorded three times during the subjects' menstrual cycles. The first measurements were taken between day 3 and 7 of the follicular phase and the second data collection coincided with ovulation, 24 to 48 hours after the estrogen surge detected by an ovulation predictor kits. Based on a 28 day cycle, the third data collection occurred approximately 7 days later during the luteal phase. Knee joint laxity was recorded at the same intervals with a KT 2000 arthometer. Hormone levels and phases were compared to passive knee joint laxity with multiple regression analysis. Estradiol and progesterone levels differed significantly across the three tests. Knee joint laxity increased during ovulation. Based on a multiple regression analysis, estradiol and progesterone levels predicts 77.9% to 80.9% of the laxity at 20lb and 30lb loads. An antagonistic relationship between estradiol and progesterone was found when testing for knee laxity. Serum hormone levels have moderate power in predicting knee joint laxity. Individual hormonal profiling in female athletes would allow researchers to access the structural properties of the ACL, such as the laxity which may provide beneficial information to understand female ACL injury mechanism in sports activity.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of insole-equipped ankle-foot-orthoses (AFO) on gait. 10 healthy males who had no history of injury in the lower extremity participated in this study as the subjects. The foot of each subject was first scanned, and the insole fit to the plantar was made using BDI-PCO(Pedcad Gmbh, Germany). The subject then was made to walk on a treadmill under four experimental conditions: 1) normal walking, 2) walking wearing AFO, 3) walking wearing AFO equipped with the insole, 4) walking wearing pneumatic-ankle-foot-orthosis (pAFO) equipped with the insole. During walking, foot pressure data such as maximum force, contacting area, peak pressure, and mean pressure was collected using Pedar-X system (Novel Gmbh, Germany) and EMG activity of lower limb muscles such as gastrocnemius medial head, gastrocnemius lateral head, and soleus was recorded using MP150 EMG module (BIOPAC System Inc., USA). Collected data was then analyzed using paired t-test in order to investigate the effects of the insole. As a result of the analysis, when insole was equipped, overall contacting area was increased while both the highest peak pressure and the mean pressure were significantly decreased, and EMG activity of the lower limb muscles was decreased. On the contrary, the cases of wearing AFO showed the decreased contacting area and the increased pressures. Therefore, the AFO equipped with a proper insole fit well to the foot can help comfortable walking by spreading the pressure over the entire plantar.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.186-196
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• 2018

Sports has become one way to improve our own health and to enjoy life by changing the lifestyle of modern-day people. Sports athletes not only give pleasure to the public, but also play a role in elevating a nation's reputation through sports. Tennis is popular with the public, and women players receive tennis wear from various sports companies to promote the designs to the public. This study considers the design-related characteristics of women's tennis wear through content analysis of design elements from the tennis wear in four major tournaments over the most recent five years. This is important in order to provide basic data on design directions for tennis wear in the future. The results of this study are as follows. First, the silhouette plays a role in enhancing activity by considering the physical movement of tennis players who are very active. Second, color emphasizes the rules and clarity of traditional tennis tournaments, and reflects a diversified trend in tennis wear by considering smooth game play by players and combining popular colors in the year. Third, patterns and decorations on material are used as a means to emphasize the esthetics of tennis wear, and tape plays an auxiliary role in emphasizing the physical beauty of women or preventing physical movement causing injury. In addition, sponsor logos are generally located at the center of the chest of tennis wear tops by mixing letters and images. This can be interpreted as a part of the marketing strategy to enhance clarity of the sponsor's brand.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate 1) the difference in static lower extremity alignment (SLEA) according to a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS), 2) to identify SLEA factors affecting LAS, and 3) to present the cut-off value and 4) the usefulness and limitations of the SLEA measurement. Method: This case-control study recruited 88 men (age: 27.78±4.69 yrs) and 39 women (age: 24.62±4.20 yrs) subjects with and without LAS. SLEA measurement protocol included Q angle, tibiofemoral angle, genu recurvatum, rear foot (RF) angle, tibal varum and torsion, navicular drop, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM). Independent t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for statistical analysis. Results: Men with a history of LAS had significantly smaller Q angles both in standing and in supine position, while women with a history of LAS had significantly greater DF ROM in non-weight bearing (NWB; p < 0.05). Logistic regression model suggests tibial varum (OR = 0.779, p = 0.021) and WB DF ROM (OR = 1.067, p = 0.045) were associated with LAS in men. In case of women, there were no significant SLEA factors for LAS, however, ROC curve analysis revealed standing RF angle (AUC = 0.647, p = 0.028) and NWB DF ROM (AUC = 0.648, p = 0.026) could be affecting factors for LAS. Conclusion: There are differences in SLEA according to the history of LAS, furthermore, the identified items were different by sex. In case of men, tibial varum and WB DF ROM affect LAS occurrence. Standing RF angle and NWB DF ROM of women could be a predictor for LAS. However, since the sensitivity and specificity in most of the SLEA measurements are low, kinematic in dynamic tasks should be considered together for a more accurate evaluation of LAS risk.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.92-101
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and the current condition of musculoskeletal pain sufferers among fitness center users. The investigation used self-reporting questionnaire with the 797 subjects. On average, the subjects were 30.6 years old, 168.8 cm in height and 65.2 kg in weight. Among them, 423 were male (53.1%) and 374 were female (46.9%). Out of them, 276 suffered from pain, (35.2%). More men felt muscle aches than women (p<.05). In terms of pain, lower back area topped the list with 44.9%, followed by the lower extremities (30.1%), the neck (17.8%) and the upper part of the body (17.8%). Dieters suffered the most from pain (86.2%) while those exercising to build strength suffered the least with 26.8%. There was a significant relationship between the purpose for exercising and the amount of pain suffered (p<.05). By kind of exercise, pain stroke aerobic exercisers disproportionately with 42.4% while it almost steered clear of exercisers for strengthening with 26.9%. There was significant relationship between the kind of exercise and pain suffered (p<.05). The type of suffering differed by body shape. A significantly higher number of overweight people experienced pain than underweight people (p<.05). 32.8% of pain sufferers commented that the pain affects their workout, and on this issue there was no gender difference (p>.05). The pain caused more difficulties in doing activities of daily living for overweight or obese peoples than underweight peoples (p<.05). More than a third of health club and fitness center users are experiencing musculoskeletal pains. Measures such as professional training or information provision is required to prevent injury or disorder caused by improper exercise.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of trigger points(TrPs) on athletes with various sporting background. To achieve the purpose, a study was carried out through a survey from 180 athletes involved in 6 selected sports at Yong-In University. Selected sports included Judo, Taekwondo, Kendo, Ssi-reum(Korean traditional wrestling), Boxing, and Golf. An interview type survey and physical examination were conducted with each thirty athletes from each of the selected sports groups. Technical statistic(SPSS 15.0) was used to analyze the distribution of TrPs on these athletes. The most common TrPs observed in muscles of Trapezius, Quadratus Lumborum, Quadriceps in Judo. In Taekwondo, it was on the trapezius and triceps surae. Kendo athletes had TrPs at sites of trapezius, brachioradialis and triceps surae. Ssirem athletes were found to have TrPs on trapezius, deltoid and quadrates lumborum. In boxers, TrPs appearing at trapezius and brachioradialis were observed. Finally, Golf players were seen to have TrPs at trapezius, quadrates lumborum and brachioradialis. Hence, the analysis shows that there are significant differences of the distribution of TrPs according to the different sport items of the athlete.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.495-502
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigating the effect of taping knee by testing the difference on kinetic variables of lower extremity when speed skating athletes jump on one leg. The results were as follows. The height of jumping after taping was higher, but the vertical height was not different according to taping. On take-off(TO), the horizontal and anterior-posterior maximum impulse force were decreased while the vertical maximum impact force was increased after taping. On landing(LD), the anterior-posterior maximum impulse force was decreased but the horizontal and vertical maximum impulse force were increased. TO, the impulse showed low after taping and the impulse dropped largely LD. The knee's moment of extension, eversion were reduced after tapping TO. LD, the flection moment of knee was decreased, but the inversion moment was increased after tapping. This study implies that the knee tapping helps injury prevention and performance enhancement, sports medicine convergence are needed.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.301-309
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the neurocognitive ability and the risk factors of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries during landing in female recreational athletes. Thirty-two female athletes participated in computerized neurocognition test and motion analysis for drop vertical jump. Pearson's linear correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the raw scores of neurocognition test and biomechanical variables including 3D joint angle, moment, power, vertical ground reaction force, loading rate, and support time. There were correlations between the scores of neurocognition test and biomechanical variables as high the neurocognition score, it also increase landing strategies were used to maintain posture of the lower extremity. Therefore, the neurocognitive test might be used as a good screening method to detect the risk factors before injury.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2002

This is the study of the knee joint injured patients at the orthopaedic surgery clinic where is located in Daejon, who has MCL combine injured ACL reconstruction caused by sport activity and accident during the period from Jan. 2001 to Oct. 2001. By comparing with groups between 7th case of I-group for MCL combined stitch and II-group for ACL reconstruction since 6weeks cast. We have been concluded with that following results. 1. Range of motion for the knee was not limited at 5th case(37%) of I-group, 6th case(42%) of II-group and the cases of Flexion deficit less then 10 -degree were 2nd case(13%) of I-group and II-group 1st case(8%) with no extension deficit more then 5 -degree. 2. The level of activity that tells you whether you are capable of exercise for six month after operation. It han been divided by 3 levels. The case of capable of doing low risk exercise(swimming, cycling, etc.) was 5th case of I-group, the case of capable of doing medium risk exercise(jogging, etc.) was 3rd case of I-group and 4th case of II-group and the case of capable of doing high risk exercise(football, etc.) were 3rd case of I-group and 3rd case of II-group. 3. The timing of the return to their job were average 6.4 weeks for I-group and average 22.9 weeks for II-group(P<.05, statistical difference). 4. There was no statistical difference between I-group and II-group for the timing of the return to their job(P>.05). 5. By using VAS to compare them there was no statistical difference between I-group and II-group of clinical results according to Lysholm scale.