• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate relations and effectiveness about mountain climbling exercise with different level of support surfaces by analyzing heart rate and EMG data. A total of 10 male college students with no musculoskeltal disorder were recruited for this study. Method: The biomechanical analysis was performed using heart rate monitor (Polar V800, Polar Electro Oy, Finland), step-box, exercise mat, and EMG device (QEMG8, Laxtha Inc. Korea, sampling frequency = 1,024 Hz, gain = 1,000, input impedance > 1012 Ω, CMRR > 100 dB). In this research, step-box were used to create different surface levels on the upper body (flat surface, 10% of subject's height, 20% of subject's height, and 30% of subject's hight). Based on these different conditions, data was collected by performing mountain climbing exercise during 30 seconds. Subjects were given 5 minutes of break to prevent muscular fatigue after each exercise. For each dependent variable, a one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted to find significant differences and Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed. Results: The results of this study showed that exercise intensity was reduced statistically as increased surface level on the upper body. Muscle activity of the upper rectus abdominis and biceps femoris for 30% of surface level was significantly higher than the corresponding values for flat surface. However, the opposite was found in the rectus femoris. In general, muscle activity of the lower rectus abdominis, erector spinae, external oblique abdominis, and gluteus maximus increased when surface level increased, but the differences were not significant. Conclusion: As a result, the increase in surface level of the body would change muscle activity of the upper body, indicating that different surface level of the upper body may cause significant effect on particular muscles to be more active during mountain climbing exercise. Based on results of this study, it is suggested to set up an appropriate surface level to target particular muscle to expect an effective training. It is also important to set adequate surface levels to create an effective training condition for preventing exercise injuries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2018.07a
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• pp.491-494
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• 2018

체감형 스포츠 게임은 신체활동이 부족한 어린이들의 활동량을 늘릴 수 있는 해결 방안으로 부상하고 있다. 기존 체감형 스포츠 게임관련 연구는 성인을 대상으로 한 연구들이 대부분이며 어린이를 대상으로 한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 제안하는 어린이 체감형 스포츠 게임 요소는 기존 성인대상의 체감형 스포츠 게임 요소들과 어린이 디자인 요소들의 공통 요소를 도출하고, 어린이에 맞춰 재해석한다. 도출된 요소는 적용해야 할 어린이 체감형 스포츠 게임에 맞춰 실제 요소를 도출하고, 실제 요소들을 고려하여 게임을 제작한다. 어린이 체감형 스포츠 게임 요소는 어린이를 대상으로 한 체감형 스포츠 게임 제작 및 평가 시 가이드라인으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2006

The primary purpose of a TKA is to restore normal knee function Therefore, ideally, a TKA should: (a) maintain the natural leverage of the knee joint muscles to ensure generating adequate knee muscle moments to accomplish daily tasks such as rising from climbing stairs; (b) provide adequate knee joint stability. A 16-channel MyoResearch XP EMG system was used to collect the differential input surface electromyography signals VM, VL, RF, BF, ST during climbing/descending stair tests. A Peak Motion Measurement System was used to collect the kinematic and kinetic data. AKIN-COM Ill isokinetic dynamometer was used for EMG of VM, VL, RF, BF and ST during maximal voluntary contraction. I Quadriceps EMG results for the VM of the passed 1year group limb demonstrated significant less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb $60^{\circ}-15^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). The VL of the passed 1year group limb also demonstrated significants less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $60^{\circ}-45^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). Similar to the VM and VL, the RF of the passed 1year group limb showed less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $60^{\circ}-30^{\circ}$ do knee flexion(p<0.05). Hamstring EMG results for the BF of the passed 1year group limb demonstrated less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $75^{\circ}-15^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). The passed 1year group limb tended to have less ADD displacement(p<0.071) than that of the passed 3year group limb. There was no significant difference of the ABD displacement between the passed 1year group and the passed 3year group limbs(p<0.73). The passed 3year group used compensatory adaptation movement strategies to compensate for the strength deficit of passed 3year group limbs. The passed 3year group limb also increased the quadriceps muscle activation level to produce more knee extension moment to compensate for the short quadriceps moment arm. The passe 3year group limb might have an unstable knee joint in the medio-Iateral direction during the climbing/descending by showing a tendency of more ADD displacement and greater hamming co-activation EMG than the passed 1year group limbs. The TKA design was not able to help the knee joint to produce adequate knee extension moment with less quadriceps muscle effort. I think that old man needs continuous exercise for muscle strength.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.762-768
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate the effect of ladder-climbing exercise training on neurobiological markers in the hippocampus of mice with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Twenty-one C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to the non-diabetic control (NDC, n = 7), diabetic control (DC, n = 7), and diabetic training (DT, n = 7) groups. The DT group performed ladder-climbing training (LCT) five times a week for eight weeks. We measured the levels of hippocampal neurobiological markers (catalase [CAT], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], nerve growth factor [NGF], amyloid-beta [Aβ], tau, and CC motif chemokine ligand 11 [CCL11]). The BDNF levels were significantly higher in the DT group than in the DC group (p < 0.05). The Aβ and CCL11 levels were significantly higher in the DC group than in the NDC and DT groups (p < 0.05). The tau levels were significantly higher in the DC group than in the NDC group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in CAT and NGF levels among the groups (p > 0.05). These results suggest that while T2DM could induce neurodegeneration, LCT may be effective in alleviating neurodegeneration caused by T2DM.

• 한국데이터정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.267-278
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to identify differences between characteristics of purchase behavior of outdoor wear consumers, demographic variables and mountain climbing related variables. The subjects of surveys are selected among men and women consumers having experiences of purchasing outdoor wear in ages from 20's to over 50's who live in the vicinity of Busan. Data and information collected are analyzed by using SPSS Program. Results from the analysis of purchasing purpose indicates that they buy outdoor wear conducive to two similar reasons; that is, "only to exercise and enjoy mountain climbing" and "either to wear it in time of climbing mountain or everyday life," and results from the analysis of purchase frequency reveals that '$1\sim2$ times'a you is the highest. Results from analysis of preference of brand of outdoor wear reveals that Kolon Sport is followed by the North Face and K2.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 1997

This study analyzed the leisure activity and using behavior of neighbourhood facilities for the aged. For this purpose, this study is to compare the preferred characteristics of the leisure and neighbourhood facilities according to housing type and region (urban/rural), The data of this study was collected by questionaire methods from 225 elderlies. The statistical analysis methods used in this study are frequency, percentage, chisquare test and anova, The results are following, l)The elderlies show differences in daily life and social relationship by housing type. 2)In leisure activities, the apartment elderlies preferred to sport, tour, climbing and fishing rather than the detached housing elderdies. 3)Apartment have more neighbour facilities than detached housing. But using frequency of facilities is low. Especially, most of the elderlies think that medical facilities is very important.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2015.04a
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• pp.962-965
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• 2015

스포츠 클라이밍에서 효율적인 등반을 위해서는 인공 암벽의 홀드 위치 및 형태에 따라 역학적으로 이득이 높은 자세를 취할 수 있도록 반복적인 훈련이 필요하다. 교육자는 초급 수준의 등반자를 교육하기 위해서 매번 직접 시범을 보여야 하는 불편함이 있다. 만약 등반자 혼자서도 자세를 배울 수 있는 사실적인 등반 애니메이션이 제공된다면, 효율적인 훈련이 가능할 것이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 게임 엔진의 역운동학 기능으로 제작 과정을 간소화하고 게임 콘솔용 깊이 카메라 기반의 모션 캡쳐 데이터를 분석 및 적용하여 올바른 등반 자세 교육을 위한 3D 캐릭터 애니메이션을 제작하는 방법을 제시한다. 향후 애니메이션이 제작되면 스포츠 클라이밍 교육 콘텐츠를 제작의 기초가 되어 기존 등반 교육 과정에서 제공하지 못했던 새로운 경험을 등반가들에게 제공할 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect Tiger-step walking on the movement of the lower extremities during walking. Method: Twenty healthy male adults who had no experience of musculoskeletal injuries on lower extremities in the last six months (age: 26.85 ± 3.28 yrs, height: 174.6 ± 3.72 cm, weight: 73.65 ± 7.48 kg) participated in this study. In this study, 7-segments whole-body model (pelvis, both side of thigh, shank and foot) was used and 29 reflective markers and cluster were attached to the body to identify the segments during the gait. A 3-dimensional motion analysis with 8 infrared cameras and 7 channeled EMG was performed to find the effect of tigerstep on uphill walking. To verify the tigerstep effect, a one-way ANOVA with a repeated measure was used and the statistical significance level was set at α=.05. Results: Firstly, Both Tiger-steps showed a significant increase in stance time and stride length compared with normal walking (p<.05), while both Tiger-steps shown significantly reduced cadence compared to normal walking (p<.05). Secondly, both Tiger-steps revealed significantly increased in hip and ankle joint range of motion compared with normal walking at all planes (p<.05). On the other hand, both Tiger-steps showed significantly increased knee joint range of motion compared with normal walking at the frontal and transverse planes (p<.05). Lastly, Gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior of both tiger-step revealed significantly increased muscle activation compared with normal walking in gait cycle and stance phase (p<.05). On the other hand, in swing phase, the muscle activity of the vastus medialis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior of both tiger-step significantly increased compared with those of normal walking (p <.05). Conclusion: As a result of this study, Tiger step revealed increased in 3d range of motion of lower extremity joints as well as the muscle activities associated with range of motion. These findings were evaluated as an increase in stride length, which is essential for efficient walking. Therefore, the finding of this study prove the effectiveness of the tiger step when walking uphill, and it is thought that it will help develop a more efficient tiger step in the future, which has not been scientifically proven.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1532-1540
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• 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of climbing resistance training on GLUT-4 protein and LDH isozyme activities of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in rats. Each experimental group was randomly divided into a control group (n=6) and a resistance exercise (n=6) group. Sprague-Dawley rats were made to climb a 180 cm tower for 12 wk. Weight changes in the resistance exercise group were significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). GLUT-4 protein expression of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the resistance exercise group than in the control group. There was no difference in soleus tissue LDHA4 isozyme activity between the groups. In the case of other LDH isozyme, when compared with the control group, the resistance exercise group showed a significantly higher activity (p<0.05). LDHA4 activity of gastrocnemius muscle tissue was not different between the groups. However, the activity of the resistance exercise group of all the other LDH isozymes was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). In summary, based on the results of this study, over 12 weeks of resistance training, the total body weight of the rats was reduced and the GLUT-4 activity in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was increased. In addition, except for LDH A4 all of the other LDH isozymes activities were increased. These results suggest that climbing resistance training affects the balance of body composition, increases LDH B-type isoenzymes and glucose metabolism capacity, and improves mitochondrial function.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.207-219
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the foot rotation on the lower limb muscles. Fourteen subjects performed step-up/step-down at a cadence of 80 beats/min, exercises with the foot neutral, $35^{\circ}$ internally rotated, and $35^{\circ}$ externally rotated, respectively. For each variable, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were significant differences between genders and among the eight types of jump. When a significant difference was found in jump type, post hoc analyses were performed using the Tukey procedure. A confidence level of p < .05 was used to determine statistical significance. The results showed that significant changes in averaged IEMG values occurred with the internal rotation of the foot in the lateral gastrocnemius during the knee extension, and in the semitendinosus during the knee flexion. During the knee extension, however, the internal rotation of the foot produced a significantly lower Averaged IEMG values than the neutral foot position in the medial gastrocnemius. The results also found that the peak IEMG activity of the rectus femoris during the knee extension for the external rotation of the foot was Significantly higher than the corresponding values in the neutral position of the foot, while the intenal rotaion of the foot exhibited a significant difference with the neutral position of the foot in the semitendinosus during the knee flexion. In general, the foot rotation position did not influence the average IEMG and Peak IEMG values of most muscles. The practice of adopting foot rotation to selectively strengthen individual muscles of the lower limb was not supported by this study. The external rotation of the foot produced high muscle activities in the quadriceps during the knee extension. For the knee extension, therefore, maintaining a laterally rotated position should be need for stable and comfortable position.