• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the application rate of fermented swine manure and additional mineral fertilizer on productivity and nutritive value of corn(Zea mays L.) for silage. Swine manures used in this study were the compost of swine manure fermented with sawdust(SMFWS) and swine sluny(SS). This study was arranged in split-split plot design. Main plots were the types of swine manure, subplots were the application rate of swine manure, such as 100, 200 and 400kgN/ha, and sub-subplots were the application rate of mineral fertilizer, such as 50 and 100kgNiha. Corn DM(dry matter) and TDN(tota1 digestible nutrient) yields increased as application rate of SMFWS and SS increased. DM and TDN yields in SS treatments were higher than those in SMFWS treatments. The effect of fermented swine manure improved positively as application rate of urea increased. Net energy for lactation(NE1) and TDN content in corn decreased as application rate of SMFWS and SS increased, but crude protein(CP) content increased by the application of SMFWS and SS. NE, and TDN contents in SMFWS treatments were lower than those in SS treatments, but CP content in SMFWS was higher than that in SS. The growth and nutritive value of corn were improved by the application of mineral fertilizer. (Key words : Swine manure, Swine sluury, Compost, Zea may, TDN, Net energy)

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1996

산란계에 대한 오전사료와 오후사료의 별도 급여가 계란의 난각질에 미치는 영향을 조사하고, 난각질 조사항목 상호간의 관계를 조사하기 위해 ISA Brown 갈색산란계 480수를 공시하여 32~36주령과 52~56주령 및 72~76주령에 각각 4주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 각 산란기별로 처리당 60개씩 모두 1,080개의 계란을 수집하여 난각질을 조사하고 난각질 조사항목 상호간의 관계를 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 계란의 비중, 난각 강도, 난각 후도 및 난각 비율등은 모두 오전사료 와 오후사료를 별도급여한 시험구들(T$_1$-T$_{5}$)이 대조구(C)에 비해 향상되었으며(P<0.05), 오후사료의 Ca 수준이 증가할수록 향상되는 경향이었다(P<0.05). 2. 난각질 조사항목간의 상관계수(r)는 0.79~0.90 으로 모두 고도의 유의적인 상관관계가 있었다(P<0.01). 3. 난각질 조사방법간의 관계를 조사하기 위해 단순회귀방정식과 다중회귀방정식을 구하였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2006

본 시험은 가축분뇨와 시비시기가 추파 호밀의 생육특성, 사초수량 및 조단백질 함량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 시험은 처리구로 화학비료 150N 전량기비구(CFB 150), 화학비료150N분시구(CFS150), 액상돈분 150N기비구(SLB150), 액상돈분150N분시구(SLS150), 액상돈분 300N기비구(SLB300), 액상돈분 300N분시구(SLS300), 액상우분 150N기비구(CLB150), 액상우분150N분시구(CLS150), 액상우분300N기비(CLB300), 액상우분300N분시(CLS300)로 10처리 3반복의 난괴법으로 하였다. 호밀의 출수기는 화학비료구와 돈분구는 4월 17일로 우분구는 4월 16일로 1일 늦었다. 화학비료의 녹체성은 다른 처리구 보다 높았고, 질소비료의 양이 증가할수록 녹체성이 높았으며 이는 호밀의 조단백질 함량 증가가 원인이었다. 그러나 호밀의 내도복성은 녹체성과는 반대로 질소비료가 적고 기비만 준 구에서 높았다. 화학비료의 건물률은 액상돈분 및 액상우분 보다 낮았다. 화학비료의 생초 및 건물수량은 액비보다 높았다. 건물수량은 분시와 전량기비 간에 차이가 없었다. 화학비료의 조단백질 함량 및 수량은 액상돈분 및 액상우분 보다 많았으며, 분시는 전량기비 보다 16%에서 18% 많았다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 액상돈분 및 액상우분은 화학비료 보다 사초생산성이 낮았다. 그리고 분시는 전량기비 보다 건물 및 조단백질 수량 증가 측면에서 우수하였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

본 연구는 파종기에 따른 호밀 품종간의 사초생산능력을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험배치는 동일한 포장에서 10처리 3반복의 분할구배치로 주구에는 9월 15일과 9월 30일의 파종시기를, 세구에는 'Kodiak', 'Koolgrazer', 'Danko', 'Homil22', 'Olhomi1' 품종을 두었다. 조기파종시의 건물(DM) 함량은 각각 19.7%로 만기파종시의 17.8% 보다 높았으나, 조단백질(CP) 및 가소화영양소총량 (TDN) 함량에 있어서는 만기파종시 보다 낮았다. 조생품종인 Koolgrazer 및 Olhomi1 품종의 건물함량은 다른 품종보다 건물수량은 높았으나, CP 및 TDN 함량은 다른 품종보다 낮았다. ADF, NDF 및 cellulose 함량은 조기파종이 만기파종시 보다 높았으며, ADL 및 hemicellulose 함량은 조기파종이 만기파종시 보다 낮았다. ADF 및 cellulose 함량은 조생품종인 다른 품종보다 높았으나 ADL 및 hemicellulose 함량은 만생종이 Danko가 다른 품종보다 높았다. 조기파종시의 DM, CP 및 TDN 수량은 각각 10,742, 1,774 및 6,571 kg/ha로 만기파종시의 7,770, 1,288 및 4,882 kg/ha 보다 높았으며 공시품종 간에는 조생품종이 다른 품종에 비하여 높았다. 본 시험에서 얻어진 결론은 사초용 호밀의 파종시기를 고려할 때 수량과 사료가치를 높일 수 있는 방법은 조생호밀품종에 조기파종을 조합하는 사초생산 기술이다.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2010

The aim of this paper is to propose that a category P is encapsulated within a functional layer above the lexical layer, just like vP containing a lexical VP. As is well known, the category P has long been in the obscure domain of syntactic studies: Marantz (2001) and den Dikken (2003), for example, argue that P is a lexical category, but Emonds (1985), Grimshaw (1991), and Baker (2003), maintain that the category P is functional and is a closed category without its own intrinsic meaning. On the other hand, Zwart (2005) argues that it does have some meaning. Following the works of Svenonius (2003, 2006, 2007), and the spirit of Rizzi's (1997) split CP hypothesis, we elaborate and develop Svenonius' idea of split-pP analysis with detailed schematic representations of the novel examples in English, Korean, and Chinese in this paper. Unlike Svenonius, however, this paper incorporates KP into pP-Shell, which is a substantial simplification. Furthermore, Chinese Localizers that have long been considered as Postpositions are now under the category of Prepositions. This proposal renders an X-bar theoretic consistency over the categorical status of Chinese phrasal structures. In short, the present analysis accounts for inconsistency found in English complex preposition phrase (Quirk, et al, 1972, 1985), Chinese circumposition phrase (Ernst 1988, Liu, 2002) and Korean postposition phrase in a unified and consistent manner. Furthermore, by proposing a finer-grained phrasal architecture for the category P, the controversial status of the category subsides within this analysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.929-934
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• 2000

Optimum stand density of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varies with locations and climates. Stand density is one of the factors that determines herbage yield, forage quality and persistence of alfalfa. As establishment costs increase, the question arises whether present population densities are optimum for obtaining maximum herbage yield and forage quality. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the optimum plant density for highest herbage yield and forage quality for the dehydrated alfalfa industry under Edmontons climatic conditions in Alberta, Canada; 2) to compare herbage yield and forage quality of the cultivars 'Algonquin' and 'Vernal' grown at a range of stand densities. Alfalfa seedlings of both cultivars were either transplanted at spacings of 6, 10, 15 and 25 cm or direct seeded at the 4.5 cm plant spacings, providing population densities of 494, 278, 100, 45 and $16plants/m^2$. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement having three replicates; the main plots consisted of two alfalfa cultivars Algonquin and Vernal, and the sub-plots were the five population densities. The cultivar Vernal had significantly higher annual yield than did the cultivar Algonquin. There was no significant effect of plant density on herbage yield. There was no difference in crude protein (CP) between the two cultivars. At the first cut, there was a significant quadratic effect of plant density on CP content and the greatest CP occurred at the 100 plants/m2 density. Crude protein was not affected by plant density at the second cut. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were not affected by plant density. The cultivar Algonquin usually had a lower ADF and NDF than cultivar Vernal. In conclusion, high population densities ($278plants/m^2$ or more) of alfalfa did not improve herbage yield and forage quality compared with low plant population densities ($100plants/m^2$ or less) of alfalfa.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.243-256
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• 2019

Field surveys for Plum pox virus (PPV) infection were conducted in stone fruit orchards all over Bulgaria. In total, 1168 out of 3020 leaf samples from cultivated Prunus spp. and wildly growing P. cerasifera trees reacted positive for PPV in DASI-ELISA with the universal monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5B. Further ELISA analyses showed that 987 and 127 isolates belonged to PPV-M and PPV-D serotypes, respectively. The plum and P. cerasifera showed 82.0% and 50.5% levels of infection, respectively followed by the peach (40.0%) and the apricot (32.0%). Five hundred fifty one PPV isolates were further typed by IC-RT-PCR with PPV-Rec, -M and -D-specific primers, targeting (Cter)NIb-(Nter) CP genome region, as 125 isolates were sequenced. The results revealed the presence of PPV-Rec, PPV-M and PPV-D and mixed infections of these strains. PPV-Rec was the most prevalent strain (49.0%), followed by PPV-M (40.1%), while PPV-D was the less spread strain (8.2%). PPV-Rec was the most common strain in plums, including the eight "old-aged" trees from the region of the first Sharka discovery. PPV-M was the most prevalent strain in peach and apricot. Phylogenetic analyses on (Cter)NIb-(Nter)CP of the isolates were performed. PPV-Rec isolates formed a homogeneous group, while PPV-M isolates split into PPV-Ma and PPV-Mb subgroups. Five separated clades were formed by the analyzed PPV-D isolates. Nucleotide sequences of the partial CP coding region of the analyzed isolates revealed a slightly higher intra-strain genetic variability in PPV-Rec and PPV-M isolates, while that of PPV-D strain isolates was higher from the reported for these strains.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1029-1035
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• 2005

A 3${\times}$4 factorial field experiment with a complete randomised split-plot design with four replicates was conducted from June 2002 to March 2003 at the experimental farm of the Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to determine effects of different harvesting heights (10, 30 and 50 cm above the ground) and cutting intervals (45, 60, 90 and 285 days) on yield of foliage and tubers, and chemical composition of the foliage. Cassava of the variety KM 94 grown in plots of 5 m${\times}$10 m at a planting distance of 30 cm${\times}$50 cm was hand-harvested according to respective treatments, starting 105 days after planting. Foliage from the control treatment (285 days) and all tubers were only harvested at the final harvest 285 days after planting. Dry matter and crude protein foliage yields increased in all treatments compared to the control. Mean foliage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields were 4.57, 3.53, 2.49, and 0.64 tonnes DM $ha^{-1}$ and 939, 684, 495 and 123 kg CP $ha^{-1}$ with 45, 60, 90 and 285 day cutting intervals, respectively. At harvesting heights of 10, 30 and 50 cm the DM yields were 4.27, 3.67 and 2.65 tonnes $ha^{-1}$ and the CP yields were 810, 745 and 564 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. The leaf DM proportion was high, ranging from 47 to 65%. The proportion of leaf and petiole increased and the stem decreased with increasing harvesting heights and decreasing cutting intervals. Crude protein content in cassava foliage ranged from 17.7 to 22.6% and was affected by harvesting height and cutting interval. The ADF and NDF contents of foliage varied between 22.6 and 30.2%, and 34.2 and 41.2% of DM, respectively. The fresh tuber yield in the control treatment was 34.5 tonnes $ha^{-1}$. Cutting interval and harvesting height had significant negative effects on tuber yield. The most extreme effect was for the frequent foliage harvesting at 10 cm harvesting height, which reduced the tuber yield by 72%, while the 90 day cutting intervals and 50 cm harvesting height only reduced the yield by 7%. The mean fresh tuber yield decreased by 56, 45 and 27% in total when the foliage was harvested at 45, 60 and 90 day cutting intervals, respectively. It is concluded that the clear effects on quantity and quality of foliage and the effect on tuber yield allow alternative foliage harvesting principles depending on the need of fodder for animals, value of tubers and harvesting cost. An initial foliage harvest 105 days after planting and later harvests with 90 days intervals at 50 cm harvesting height increased the foliage DM and CP yield threefold, but showed only marginal negative effect on tuber yield.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.1098-1113
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• 2021

Maturation process of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) could be prevented by the reduction of lignin content in terms of conventional breeding or transgenic technology. Alfalfa could exhibit higher leaf/stem ratio, with a concern of yield loss. The objective of this study was to compare forage yield and nutritive value of low lignin alfalfa and two reference varieties subjecting to two harvest intervals and three seeding rates. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-split plot arrangement with four replicates, where harvest intervals (28-day and 35-day) were assigned to whole plots, seeding rates were subplots, and varieties were sub-subplots. The weighted mean nutritive value was applied to two production years of 2016 and 2017. Hi-Gest 360 (low lignin alfalfa) provided similar yield potential and increased nutritive value compared to two reference varieties. Over a two-year production period, alfalfa harvested at every 28-day interval provided more economic returns than those at 35-day interval. For the seeding year and first production year, five cuts made by the 28-day interval produced more yield than four cuts by the 35-day interval. Due to limited rainfall in May 2017, a sharp drop of the first cutting overturned the advantage of the five-cut system. Shorter intervals between harvests generally increased crude protein (CP) concentrations. The differences of relative feed value (RFV) between two harvest intervals tended to be great during the first and second cuttings. Overall, harvest interval had a large effect on nutritive value and a more significant effect on alfalfa dry matter yield than variety selection. Seeding rate did not affect alfalfa yield and nutritive value.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.27-38
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of Festulolium braunii(Festuca pratensis Huds. $\times$ Loliurn mulrijZorum Lam.)as forge sources. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with four replications from Feb. 1995. to Jan. 1996 at Hohenheim university. Main plots consisted of three forage species, Festulolirtrn braunii(Paulita), Lolium multiJomm(Lemtla), and Secale cereale(Halo) and subplots consisted of three maturity, boot, heading, and anthesis. The growth characteristics, DM yields, nutritive value, N and energy balance were observed. The heading date of Festulolium braunii was about two days earlier than that of Loliunz mrtltiflorum, farthermore Fesrulolium braunii retained higher leaf weight ratio(LWR) than other species. Festulolium brarrnii failed to show any significant differences in grass length, number of tillers, LAI, CGR, and DM accumulation when harvested at the same stage of maturity as compare with Loliurn mulriiflorutn or Setale cerede, bur the content of CP, OMD, and mineral elements and NEL value of Festulolium braunii compare to othes were slightly increased(P<0.05), while the content of NDF, ADF, and lignin decreased(P<0.05). The yield of CP was greater for Festulolium braunii than for Lolium multfimm and yields of DOM and NEL per unit area(ha) for Festulolium braunii were greater than for other species(P<0.05). The equivalent or higher DM production and nutritive value are obtained when Festulolium braunii are cut during the period from boot to anthesis stages, therefor DM intake, preference, and N and energy balance were also higher for Festulolirtm braunii compare to for other species. It could be suggested that Lolium multrfirum would be a more suitable substitute to Festuloliron braunii without decreasing forage production and quality, but the substitutive effect of Secale cereale would be difficult because of the maor differences in growth type and period compare to Fesrulolium braunii. From above the results of this experiment it appears that Festulolium braunii have a potential to provide forage sources. but funher research is needed to ascertain their potential under the climate of Korea.