• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제39A권4호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2014

본 논문에서는, 하향 다중 사용자 MIMO 환경에서 간섭 검출 및 제거를 하기위해 확장된 fixed-complexity sphere decoder (FSD) 알고리즘이 제안되었다. 제안된 알고리즘은, generalized sphere decoder (GSD) 알고리즘을 이용한 채널행렬 확장과 간섭신호와 요구신호를 고려한 채널행렬 순서화를 통해 FSD 알고리즘을 간섭신호 검출에 활용 가능하도록 확장 하였다. IEEE802.11ac의 통신모드 중 네 명의 다중 사용자에게 각각 702 Mbit/s 전송이 가능한 환경의 몬테카를로실험을 통해서, 제안된 알고리즘이 10% packet error rate기준으로 간섭제거 기능이 없는 maximum-likelihood 검출성능 대비 $E_b/N_0$가 약 3 dB 향상됨을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1920-1933
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• 2006

Piezoelectric materials produce an electric field by deformation, and deform when subjected to an electric field. The coupling nature of piezoelectric materials has acquired wide applications in electric-mechanical and electric devices, including electric-mechanical actuators, sensors and structures. In this paper, a hollow sphere composed of a radially polarized spherically anisotropic piezoelectric material, e.g., PZT_5 or (Pb) (CoW) $TiO_3$ under internal or external uniform pressure and a constant potential difference between its inner and outer surfaces or combination of these loadings has been studied. Electrodes attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the sphere induce the potential difference. The governing equilibrium equations in radially polarized form are shown to reduce to a coupled system of second-order ordinary differential equations for the radial displacement and electric potential field. These differential equations are solved analytically for seven different sets of boundary conditions. The stress and the electric potential distributions in the sphere are discussed in detail for two piezoceramics, namely PZT _5 and (Pb) (CoW) $TiO_3$. It is shown that the hoop stresses in hollow sphere composed of these materials can be made virtually uniform across the thickness of the sphere by applying an appropriate set of boundary conditions.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2020

Mesenchymal stem cells in the dental pulp exhibit a tendency for differentiation into various dental lineages and hold great potential as a major conduit for regenerative treatment in dentistry. Although they can be readily isolated from teeth, the exact characteristics of these stem cells have not been fully understood so far. When compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures, three-dimensional (3D) cultures have the advantage of enriching the stem cell population. Hence, 3D-organoid culture and 3D-sphere culture were applied to dental pulp cells in the current study. Although the establishment of the organoid culture proved unsuccessful, the 3D-sphere culture readily initiated the stable generation of cell aggregates, which continued to grow and could be passaged to the second round. Interestingly, a significant increase in SOX2 expression was detected in the 3D-spheroid culture compared to the 2D culture. These results indicate the enrichment of the stemness-high population in the 3D-sphere culture. Thus, 3D-sphere culture may act as a link between the conventional and 3D-organoid cultures and aid in understanding the characteristics of dental pulp stem cells.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• 제4C권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2004

The field utilization factor (equation omitted) (the mean electric field / the maximum electric field) of standard sphere gaps was calculated by the charge simulation method, taking into account the ground plane and shanks. n changes mainly with g/r and slightly with 1$_1$, 1$_2$ and 1, where D=2r is the sphere diameter, g is the gap length, 1$_1$ and 1$_2$, respectively, are the lengths of the upper and lower shank, and t is the shank diameter. Generally, (equation omitted) increases as 1$_1$,1$_2$ and t each becomes larger. IEC standard 60052(2002) limits t$\leq$0.2D 1$_1$$\geq$1D and prescribes A=1$_2$＋D＋g where A is the height of the spark point on the upper sphere. Therefore, (equation omitted) is the largest when A=9D and the smallest when A=3D. The simple equation of a straight line, (equation omitted)=1- (g/3r), can generally be used as a representative value of (equation omitted) for a wide variety of sphere diameters that are permitted by the IEC standard. The maximum electric field E$_{m}$ at sparkover of standard air gaps has also been calculated by the relation E$_{m}$=V/(equation omitted)g). E$_{m}$ describes a U-curve for g/r, up to the sphere diameter of 1 m. Moreover, for 1.5-m and 2-m diameters and especially .for negative polarity, sparkover voltages have been calculated by integration of the ionization index.index.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 구-구갭을 수평 배치하였을 때, 연소화염에 의한 교류 및 직류 플래시오버전압 특성을 조사하였다. 화염에 의한 플래시오버 극성을 조사하기 위해 전압 및 전류파형을 측정하였으며, 플래시오버가 발생되기 전에 쿨롱력에 의한 화염의 형상 변화를 관찰하였다. 또한 플래시오버 전압의 저하 요인으로서 상대공기밀도의 저하 및 연소화염의 열전리 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 실험 결과, 구-구갭에서 접지측 전극과 갭길이의 비를 k라고 할 때, 화염위치 k:0(접지측), k=0.5(중앙부) 및 k=1.0(전원측)인 경우 화염에 의한 교류 섬락전압의 평균값은 화염이 없을 때에 비해 각각 79.9, 82.9 및 $87.5[\%]$ 저하되었으며, 또한 화염의 높이 h=0, h=5 및 h=9[cm]일 때 교류 플래시오버 전압의 평균값은 화염이 없는 경우를 기준으로 하였을 때 각각 85.0, 40.8 및 $28.2[\%]$ 저하되었다. 소규모 연소화염에서의 열전리 영향은 크지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제33권6A호
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• pp.577-582
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 Sphere decoder의 최대 복잡도 문제를 극복하기 위한 기법을 소개한다. 최소 근접 격자점을 탐색하는 과정 중 접근하는 노드의 회수에 제한을 두고, 만약 노드 접근 회수가 제한치를 넘으면, 가장 최근에 접근한 노드와 초기 단계의 ZF 검출 값을 이용해서 제 1 후보 심볼을 얻는다. 그리고 ZF 검출 값을 이용해서 제 2 후보 심볼 벡터를 얻은후, 이 두 후보 심볼 벡터 중 수신 신호와 유클리드 거리가 작은 후보 심볼 벡터를 최종적으로 검출한 심볼 벡터로 얻는다. 또한 제한치 설정에 따른 SER 성능의 upper bound를 이론적으로 분석하였다. 전산 실험 결과 제안한 방법은 높은 SNR 영역에서는 SER 성능에서 최대 0.5dB의 열화가 있었으나, 평균 복잡도와 최대 복잡도가 기존의 제안된 sphere decoder에 비해 상당히 줄어든 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to generate 3-D occlusal curvatures and evaluate the relationship between the occlusal curvatures and mandibular occlusal morphology factors. Methods: Mandibular dental casts from 25 young adult Korean were scanned as a virtual dental models with a 3-D scanner(Scanner S600, Zirkonzahn, Italy). The curve of Spee, curve of Wilson, and Monson's sphere were generated by fitting a circle/sphere to the cusp tips using a least-squares method. The mandibular mesiodistal cusp inclination, buccolingual cusp inclination, and tooth wear parameters were measured on the prepared virtual models using RapidForm2004(INUS technology INC, Seoul, Korea). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to test side difference, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were investigated to verify the correlation between occlusal curvatures and correlated factors (a=0.05). Results: The mean radii of curve of Spee were $83.09{\pm}33.94$ in the left side and $79.00{\pm}28.12mm$ in the right side. The mean radii of curve of Wilson were $66.82{\pm}15.87mm$ in the mesial side and $47.87{\pm}9.40mm$ in the distal side with significantly difference between mesiodistal sides(p<0.001). The mean radius of Monson's sphere was $121.85{\pm}47.11mm$. Most of the cusp inclination parameters showed negative correlation for the radius of Monson' sphere(p<0.05). Especially, the buccolingual cusp inclinations in mesial side of molar showed high correlation coefficients among the factors(p<0.05). Conclusion: The radius of Monson's sphere was greater than the classical 4-inch values, and the buccolingual cusp inclinations in mesial side of molar can be considered as one of the main factors correlating with the radius of Monson's sphere.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2016

Background: In order to measure neutron energy spectra, the conventional Bonner Sphere Spectrometers (BSS) are widely used. In this spectrometer, several measurements with different size Bonner spheres are required. Operators should, therefore, place these spheres in several times to a measurement point where radiation dose might be relatively high. In order to reduce this effort, novel neutron energy spectrometer using an onion-like single Bonner sphere was proposed in our group. This Bonner sphere has multiple sensitive spherical shell layers in the single sphere. In this spectrometer, a band-shaped thermal neutron detection medium, which consists of a LiF-ZnS mixed powder scintillator sheet and a wavelength-shifting (WLS) fiber readout, was looped to each sphere at equal angular intervals. Amount of LiF neutron converter is reduced near polar region, where the band-shaped detectors are concentrated, in order to uniform the directional sensitivity. The LiF-ZnS mixed powder has an advantage of extremely high light yield. However, since it is opaque, scintillation photons cannot be collect uniformly. This type of detector shows no characteristic shape in the pulse height spectrum. Subsequently, it is difficult to set the pulse height discrimination level. This issue causes sensitivity fluctuation due to gain instability of photodetectors and/or electric modules. Materials and Methods: In order to solve this problem, we propose to replace the LiF-ZnS mixed powder into a flexible and Transparent RUbber SheeT type $LiCaAlF_6$ (TRUST LiCAF) scintillator. TRUST LiCAF scintillator can show a peak shape corresponding to neutron absorption events in the pulse height spectrum. Results and Discussion: We fabricated the prototype detector with five sensitive layers using TRUST LiCAF scintillator and conducted basic experiments to evaluate the directional uniformity of the sensitivity. Conclusion: The fabricated detector shows excellent directional uniformity of the neutron sensitivity.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2003

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 1993년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.41-42
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• 1993