• 전자공학회논문지S
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• 제35S권6호
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• pp.147-155
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• 1998

기존의 시간축 변환 방법은 음성 특징에 따른 발음 속도의 영향을 고려하지 않기 때문에 변환비율이 커짐에 따라 합성음의 명료도가 떨어지는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 음성 인지과정에서 천이 구간의 시간축 정보가 중요한 역할을 한다는 사실에 기반을 둔 가변적인 시간축 변환 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위하여 제안된 방법에서는 먼저 음성신호를 천이 구간과 정적인 구간으로 구분하고, 천이 구간의 시간축 정보는 그대로 유지하면서 정적인 구간만을 시간축 변환함으로써 목표하는 변환 비율을 얻는다. 청취자 선호도 시험 결과, 제안된 방법이 기존의 대표적인 시간축 변환 방법인 SOLA 방법에 비해 그 성능이 우수함을 확인하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2011

The present study aimed to determine the phonological errors of children in Korean-Vietnamese speaking multicultural families through comparison analyses with those of Korean monolingual peers with phonological disorders. The subjects were 38 children aged about 4-6 years. To examine phonological errors, the Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (words) was used. Performances were analyzed by frequency. The results showed some differences between the two groups. There was a tendency for children in Korean-Vietnamese speaking multicultural families to show a higher frequency of phonological errors than Korean monolingual children with phonological disorders. However, the former showed lower error percentages in a few error patterns than the latter such as syllable final consonant deletion, showing similar patterns to those of the normal children. They also showed very unique error patterns such as the highest error percentage in palatal affricates. It remains to be seen if these error patterns are just delay in acquisition or phonological disorders.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.615-622
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• 2012

Airborne radio communications, navigation, and identification equipments are the basic equipment of airplane. Airborne radio communications, navigation, and identification equipments are characterized by user's many quantitative and qualitative requirements. These equipment look like simple test and evaluation, but they have many complex factors. This paper describe the test and evaluation of airborne radio communications, navigation, and identification equipments.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2021

난타는 북과 같은 타악기를 이용한 "두드리기"라는 뜻으로 한국 전통 음악인 사물놀이의 리듬이다. 말소리 산출이 제한된 아이들을 위해 난타 프로그램이 개발되어 적용되었다. 또한, 이 연구는 언어 리듬을 이용한 난타 프로그램의 효과에 대한 증거를 제공한다. 난타 음성 리듬 중재 프로그램은 말리듬을 이용하여 개발되었다. 난타 프로그램은 청각 자극, 다양한 소리와 박자, 리듬을 제공했으며, 리듬과 함께 호흡, 발성, 조음의 세 단계로 구성되어 있다. 말소리 목록이 제한된 6명의 아이들이 이 연구에 참여했다. 아동들에게 소리와 박자를 탐색하고 소리와 박자를 자유롭게 표현하도록 하였다. 또한, 리듬과 함께 단어를 모방하고 모방하는 단어에서 음절의 길이를 늘림으로써 다양한 말소리를 산출하도록 격려하였다. 매 회당 40분 동안 주 2회씩 총 15회의 세션이 실시되었다. 중재 효과를 조사하기 위해 치료 전후 취학전 아동의 수용언어 및 표현언어 발달척도(PRES)와 수용-표현 어휘력 검사(REVT) 점수를 비교하였다. Wilcoxon rank test 결과, 중재 후 PRES에서 수용언어 점수(p=.027)와 표현언어 점수(p=.024) 및 수용어휘력(p=.028)과 표현어휘력 (p=.028) 점수가 유의하게 향상되었음을 보여주었다. 난타 리듬 컨트롤 프로그램은 수용적이고 표현적인 어휘와 언어 발달에 상당한 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 발견들은 리듬 컨트롤 프로그램이 제한된 음성 소리 생성을 가진 어린이들의 언어 발달과 어휘 향상에 유용할 수 있다는 것을 암시한다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.3-24
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the changes of phonological processes in normal Korean children aged from 2- to 6-years. Forty eight children who lived in Seoul or Kyung-Ki do were tested with a picture articulation test and their articulation errors including omissions, additions and substitutions were coded into phonological processes. Those phonological processes were discussed in several ways: syllable structure, place, manner, assimilation, tenseness, and aspiration of sounds. Data were analyzed by two ways: (1) number of subjects who showed each process and (2) percentage of occurrence of each process. Analyses in omission-addition processes demonstrated that postvocalic omission occurred most frequently, followed by velar-, alveolar-, and glottal omission. Analyses in substitution processes showed that fronting (palatal and velar), backing (alveolar), and alveolization occurred most frequently in terms of the place of sounds. In terms of assimilation, alveolar-, stopping, and aspiration assimilation occurred frequently. Analyses by the tenseness and aspiration showed similar occurrences among the 4 processes, with slightly higher occurrences in tensing and aspiration than lanxing and deaspiration. All of the processes decreased by age. The numbers of the processes showed by more than half of the children or exceeded 10％ of occurrence were 20 in 2-years of age, 10 in 3-years of age, 1 in 4-years of age, and none in ages of 5 and 6.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.119-122
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• 2009

Objectives : Ablation of carcinoma of the tongue leads to deficits in speech and swallowing, but none to date has provided all of the qualities of mobility and sensation to simulate the complex function of the tongue. The authors evaluated postoperative swallowing and pronouncing function in patients who underwent tongue reconstruction using free flap. Material and Methods : This is a retrospective review documenting the outcome of 42 patients between January of 1991 and August of 2008. We classified patients according to the size of resection of the tongue like as 7 partial glossectomy, 25 hemiglossectomy, 2 subtotal glossectomy, and 8 total glossectomy. Swallowing function was graded into 4 point scale and pronouncing function was analyzed using picture consonant articulation test. Aspiration was evaluated with videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Results : The average points for swallowing function were 3.43 in partial glossectomy, 3.52 in hemiglossectomy, 3 in subtotal glossectomy, and 2.63 in total glossectomy. The percentage of consonants correct showed 76.5% in partial glossectomy, 72.29% in hemiglossectomy, 47.69% in subtotal glossectomy, and 29.94% in total glossectomy. Aspiration was noted in 3 patients(1 hemiglossectomy and 2 total glossectomy) and 2 total glossectomy patients were taken permanent feeding gastrostomy. Conclusion : Free flap gave us proper volume in tongue reconstruction and showed good result in preserving swallowing function. Swallowing function difference according to the size of defect showed no statistical significance, whereas articulation function was shown to decrease in accuracy as the size of defect was larger.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.144-148
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• 2006

The velopharyngeal dysfunction usually occurs in patients with previous operation of the cleft palate or with submucosal cleft palate. In case of velopharyngeal dysfunction without cleft palate, no study has been made when it comes to operative method and postoperative results. Here, we would like to present the operative methods and the postoperative results with the cases we've experienced. This study is based on seven cases of velopharyngeal dysfunction without cleft palate from 1999 to 2004. Analysis of age, sex, etiology, operative methods, satisfaction rate and speech evaluation was done. The patients were 3 males and 4 females, with an age ranged from 10 to 28 at the time of surgery. The follow-up period was more than six months. One case had bifid uvula, another had atypical anomaly in palate, and five cases had no anatomical abnormality. The palatal lengthening was done on one patient, the levator muscle repositioning on another patient and to the rest of them, the superiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap was done. It was difficult to determine the etiology of the velopharyngeal dysfunction without cleft palate. The speech improvement and the satisfaction rate of the patients and parents were diverse. Although the authors had a problem with statistical analysis between the operative age and the speech improvement, it was reasonable to perform a surgical operation because postoperative speech improvement was observed in most cases regardless of age. There is little statistical correlation, but significantly higher outcomes were observed in palatal lengthening and levator muscle repositioning than in pharyngeal flap.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제60권7호
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• pp.227-231
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the safety of low-dose topiramate on language development in pediatric patients with migraine. Methods: Thirty newly diagnosed pediatric patients with migraine who needed topiramate were enrolled and assessed twice with standard language tests, including the Test of Language Problem Solving Abilities (TOPs), Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test, Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology, and computerized speech laboratory analysis. Data were collected before treatment, and topiramate as monotherapy was sustained for at least 3 months. The mean follow-up period was $4.3{\pm}2.7months$. The mean topiramate dosage was 0.9 mg/kg/day. Results: The patient's mean age was $144.1{\pm}42.3months$ (male-to-female ratio, 9:21). The values of all the language parameters of the TOPs were not changed significantly after the topiramate treatment as follows: Determine cause, from $15.0{\pm}4.4$ to $15.4{\pm}4.8$ (P>0.05); making inference, from $17.6{\pm}5.6$ to $17.5{\pm}6.6$ (P>0.05); predicting, from $11.5{\pm}4.5$ to $12.3{\pm}4.0$ (P>0.05); and total TOPs score, from $44.1{\pm}13.4$ to $45.3{\pm}13.6$ (P>0.05). The total mean length of utterance in words during the test decreased from $44.1{\pm}13.4$ to $45.3{\pm}13.6$ (P<0.05). The Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test results decreased from $97.7{\pm}22.1$ to $96.3{\pm}19.9months$, and from $81.8{\pm}23.4$ to $82.3{\pm}25.4months$, respectively (P>0.05). In the articulation and phonology validation in both groups, speech pitch and energy were not significant, and all the vowel test results showed no other significant values. Conclusion: No significant difference was found in the language-speaking ability between the patients; however, the number of vocabularies used decreased. Therefore, topiramate should be used cautiously for children with migraine.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.310-317
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• 2002

We have examined 20 tongue-tie patients who had been operated the lingual frenectomy in Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Pusan National University for the effect of the lingual frenectomy on the tongue motion and speech, and divided patients into groups by age. Each group was separated as follows ; the age of 5-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18. We measured the frenal lengh, the range of tongue motion and evaluated the speech pre- and postoperatively. The preoperative patient groups have larger tongue tips and smaller lingual frenums than normal ones. In the preoperative patient group, there was significant obstacle of the protrusive and superior movement of the tongue. The exception was the laterotrusive movement on both sides. There was the lower value of the Picture Consonant Articulation Test(PCAT) in the preoperative 5 to 6 year-old group compared with normal group. In other age groups, there was no significant difference. The range of postoperative PCAT in all age groups has become as similiar as that of normal group. The 5 to 6 year-old group which had significant difference in PCAT was improved in PCAT. In conclusion, we propose that the PCAT as well as anatomical tongue size and functional tongue movement is the basis of the indication of lingual frenectomy and the 5-6 year-old is the optimal time of the lingual frenectomy for improvement of the tongue movement and the speech.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제53호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

This experimental study aims to test the hypothesis that the occurrence of English sentence-final stop release is, at least, partly predictable by examining its phonetic context. 10 native(5 male and 5 female) speakers of American English recorded, in a sound-proof booth, sentences excerpted from novels and the natural documents on the World Wide Web. Based on the waveforms and spectrograms of the recorded sentences, judgements of the release of a sentence-final stop were made. If the aperiodic energy of a given final stop lasted more than .015 second, it was considered to be "released." The result reveals that English sentence-final stops tend to be released when they are 1) velar consonants, 2) preceeded by tense vowels, and 3) coda consonants of content words. The phonetic environment in which final stops are often released can be characterized by the articulatory comfortableness and the need for release burst noise, without which the final stops may not be correctly perceived. By examining the release of English final stops, it is concluded that the phonological events, which had been considered to occur rather "randomly," in fact, reflect the universal tendency of human speech: to minimize the speakers' and hearers' effort.