• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.871-879
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analysis the correlation between kidneys function indicators and these size in ultrasonography. A total of 170 (male:86, female:84) patients of sex and age groups were examined by abdominal ultrasonography. The patients classified as those in their 20's, 30's, 40's, and over 50's. We measured the length, width, and cross-sectional height of the kidneys twice. At this time, the length of these were measured from the maximum upper to the maximum lower pole and the widest width in the same ultrasonography was measured to obtain the cross-sectional area. Other relevant indicators included body surface area, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), MDRD (Modification of diet in renal disease) and C-G (Cockcroft-Gault). Significant comparisons of differences between relevant factors by age groups and sex were conducted with a one-way distribution analysis. Correlation analysis was also performed between relevant factors by using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient. It was defined as meaningful when the p-value was less than 0.05. As a result, the length, the width, and the cross-sectional area of kidneys were correlated with GFR, C-G, MDRD. Therefore, it is expected that the accuracy of diagnosis of kidneys disease will be increased if the relevant indicators are evaluated together rather than measuring only length of these in ultrasonography.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate QLF (quantitative light-induced fluorescence) technology for the caries detection in primary teeth and validate the relationships between the cavity volume of carious lesions and QLF analysis results. Total 125 tooth surfaces include 53 occlusal surfaces, and 72 proximal surfaces were investigated with the portable QLF device for detection of dental caries in primary molars. Micro-CT radiograph was also performed to classify carious lesions and calculate the cavity volume. QLF showed good accuracy and reliability (sensitivity 0.75 - 0.94, specificity 0.82 - 0.95, and AUROC 0.88 - 0.98) for the caries detection in primary teeth except 𝚫R average results of proximal caries which showed relatively low values. Statistically significant relationships were found between 𝚫F average, QS-Index and the cavity volume according to Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients (r = 0.805 - 0.832, p < 0.001). QLF detection method would be a harmless and reliable way for children to diagnose dental caries without the concern about radiation exposure.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.999-1009
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• 2021

As the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events due to climate change are increasing in recent years, it is very important to evaluate and analyze climate conditions to manage and respond to the negative effects of climate change in advance. In this study, the trends and characteristics of regional climate change were analyzed by calculating the climate indices for the Chungcheong Province. Annual and monthly UNEP-MP, UNEP-PM and MDM indices were calculated using daily data from 1973-2020 collected from 10 synoptic meteorological stations operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration. The normality of climate data was analyzed through the KS test, and the climate change trend was analyzed by applying the Spearman and Pearson methods. The Chungcheongnam-do region had a relatively humid climate than the Chungcheongbuk-do region, and the annual climate indices showed a dry climate trend in Cheongju and Chungju, while the climate of Seosan and Buyeo was becoming humid. Based on the monthly trend change analysis, a humid climate trend was observed in summer and autumn, while a dry climate trend was observed in spring and winter. Comparison of climate indices during the past (2001-2010) and the recent (2011-2020) years showed a higher decrease in the average climate indices during the last 10 years and a gradually drying climate change trend was recorded.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.24-36
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• 2023

In this study, we investigated chemistry teachers' the Stage of Concern (SoC) and the Level of Use (LoU) regarding competency assessment, which was emphasized along with the introduction of the 2015 revised curriculum. A questionnaire was developed based on the CBAM, and responses from 123 chemistry teachers were analyzed. The frequency was investigated for both SoC and LoU, and then the chi-square test was performed according to demographic variables. As a result of the SoC analysis, most of the teachers stayed in stage 3 (management concern, 26.8%) and stage 2 (personal concern, 19.5%). Additionally, among the demographic variables, there was a statistically significant difference in whether or not related education experience was present during the pre-service teacher period. In LoU analysis, Level III (mechanical) was the most frequent (26.8%), followed by Level I (orientation, 22.8%), Level II (preparation, 13.8%). In LoU, there was also a statistically significant difference in whether or not related education experience was present during the pre-service teacher period. The Spearman correlation coefficient between SoC and LoU in the competency assessment was .298 and there was a positive correlation. Based on the above results, educational implications for improving the concern and use of chemistry teachers for competency assessment were discussed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1B
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• pp.65-77
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• 2008

The effects of climatic changes owing to urbanization, geographical and topographical conditions on annual and monthly FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO P-M) reference evapotranspiration, and energy and aerodynamic terms of FAO P-M reference evapotranspiration were studied. In this study, 21 climatological stations were selected. The statistical methods applied for trend analysis are Spearman rank test, Sen's test, linear regression analysis and analysis of actual variation ratio. Furthermore, the cluster analysis was applied to cluster 21 study stations by considering the geographical and topographical characteristics of study area. The study results indicate that urbanization affects the trend and amount of FAO P-M reference evapotranspiration, energy term and aerodynamic term; however, the result of Sen's test indicates that urbanization does not significantly affect the magnitude of trend (Sen's slope). The energy term increased at study stations located in coastal area; however, decreased at study stations located in inland area. The topographical slope of study area did not significantly influence on the trend of energy term. The aerodynamic term increased in both coastal area and inland area, indicating much significantly increasing trend in inland area, and it was also affected by the topographical slope of the study area.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.4B
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• pp.355-362
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• 2006

Several techniques of MK test, Spearman's Rho test, Linear Regression test, CUSUM test, Cumulative Deviation, Worsley Likelihood Ratio test, Rank Sum test, and Students' t test were applied to detect the trends of slope and shift which exist in hydrologic and climate time series. The time series of annual rainfall, inflow, tree ring index, and southern oscillation index (SOI) were used and the trends of these series were compared in the study. From the results, it can be found that the data could be classified into two categories such as linear trend and shift. 4 series data of 8 rainfall series which reveal the trend show the shift and 8 series data of 18 tree ring index and March and April series of monthly SOI data show shift. Moreover, ADF test and BDS test were used to test stationarity and non-linearity of the data. In conclusion, through the study, various trend analysis techniques were compared and 6 kinds of characteristics which can exist in hydrologic time series were identified.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.173-181
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• 2021

Purpose To evaluate the ability of the Hounsfield unit (HU) measurement of the femoral neck during multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for assessing osteoporosis compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Materials and Methods Forty-two patients with femoral neck fractures who underwent MDCT and DXA from July to December 2016 were included in this study. HU measurements were made of the cancellous portions of the normal contralateral femoral neck on MDCT. Bone mineral density (BMD) and T-scores were obtained at the femur DXA. Correlations of HU values with BMD and T-scores were analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. Results The mean BMD and T-score of the femoral neck were 0.650 g/cm² and -2.4, respectively. The mean HU values for the normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups were 131.9, 98.9, and 41.3, respectively. HU values at the femoral neck were positively correlated with BMD (r² = 0.670; p < 0.001) and T-scores (r² = 0.676; p < 0.001). Conclusion The HU values of the femoral neck on MDCT are significantly correlated with BMD and T-scores of femur DXA. The HU values may serve as a diagnostic tool for the screening of regional bone quality when MDCT is performed for other reasons.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.955-962
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• 2008

This article is about the naming method for fashion product in cyber shopping mall. For two months, the name of fashion product is listed and analyzed, from BEST 100 category in cyber shopping mall. SPSS ver.10.0 is used and frequency, spearman raw test and t-test are done. The fashion product names are arranged in naming method. There are four kinds of methods for fashion product naming; describing, associating, bundling and style numbering. Describing is most used method both cyber shopping mall. Between marketplace cyber shopping mall and merchant, there is significant difference in composition of naming. Bundling naming method is more used in marketplace cyber shopping mall, and describing and style numbering method is used often in merchant. The words which are composed the name of fashion product are divided in a single word and arranged. The words for describing are classified in noun and adjective. Noun is used for depicting textile and construction and adjective is for touch and image. There is no difference for using words between marketplace and merchant.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.538-546
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat. Methods: Data were collected from January 4 through May 15, 2008. Among the 60 patients, 30 patients were randomly assigned to the control group and the rest to the experimental group. Initial cuff pressure of both groups was set at 20 $cmH_2O$. The experimental group was maintained at 20 $cmH_2O$ throughout the anesthesia, while the control group was not regulated further. Sore throat was assessed at postoperative 1, 24 and 72 hours. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rho coefficients. Results: Cuff pressure in control group increased from 20 to 43 $cmH_2O$ within 3 hours after induction. However, the experimental group showed that there was apparently a reduced rate of sore throat at postoperative 24 hours (p = .048), and 72 hours (p = .002) than in the control group. However, no outstanding differences between both groups at postoperative 1 hour (p = .081) were detected. The correlation between cuff pressure and sore throat was statistically significant ($r_s$ = .590, p < .001). Conclusion: We conclude that maintaining cuff pressure at 20 $cmH_2O$ could be an effective means to reduce sore throat in surgical patients with inhalation anesthesia.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2013

Parameters associated with solar minimum have been studied to relate them to solar activity at solar maximum so that one could possibly predict behaviors of an upcoming solar cycle. The number of active days has been known as a reliable indicator of solar activity around solar minimum. Active days are days with sunspots reported on the solar disk. In this work, we have explored the relationship between the sunspot numbers at solar maximum and the characteristics of the monthly number of active days. Specifically, we have statistically examined how the maximum monthly sunspot number of a given solar cycle is correlated with the slope of the linear relationship between monthly sunspot numbers and the monthly number of active days for the corresponding solar cycle. We have calculated the linear correlation coefficient r and the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient $r_s$ for data sets prepared under various conditions. Even though marginal correlations are found, they turn out to be insufficiently significant (r ~ 0.3). Nonetheless, we have confirmed that the slope of the linear relationship between monthly sunspot numbers and the monthly number of active days is less steep when solar cycles belonging to the "Modern Maximum" are considered compared with rests of solar cycles. We conclude, therefore, that the slope of the linear relationship between monthly sunspot numbers and the monthly number of active days is indeed dependent on the solar activity at its maxima, but that this simple relationship should be insufficient as a valid method to predict the following solar activity amplitude.