• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.93-102
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• 2018

This paper reports a Surge Protective Device (SPD) that is used to protect an automatic metering interface (AMI) power supplies of communication equipment on a low-voltage distribution system from a lightning current. The surge protective device (SPD) can be classified as one-port SPDs and two-port SPDs with decoupling elements depending on the connection type. The protection of internal systems against the lightning current may require a systematic approach consisting of coordinated SPDs. To deal with this, the definition of a lightning protection zone (LPZ) was studied and interpreted through a theoretical review. Because the lightning current resulting from a lightning surge is considerably high, there is limited protection from one SPD; therefore, coordinated cascaded MOV-based SPDs are installed to solve this problem. Regarding the power grid mentioned in this paper, a class II SPD for the low-voltage distribution system installed on the border of LPZ1 and LPZ2, which establish a protection coordination with the Arrester (LA, SA) that corresponds to the LPZO installed on the MOF stage connected to one system were designed to protect various communication (control) equipment, including the automatic meter reading system inside the branch-type electric supply panel of a building, not the incoming side of one system. In addition, performance-related tests were done by a comparison with the existing method through testing, and the optimal design was achieved for the 1-port SPD that uses a series connection and can bleed load current without any decoupling element.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.732-734
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 [SPD와 Sensing 회로를 내장한 영상 전송 및 장애관리시스템 설계 및 구현에 대하여 기술하였다. STP 케이블을 이용하여 영상신호 및 제어신호, 장애정보신호, SPD신호로 총 4종류의 신호를 STP케이블 Pair별로 구성하여 장거리(2km) 전송하도록 하여 전송거리와 배관, 배선의 제약을 해결하였고, 경제성에서도 타 케이블 보다 우위를 점하고 있으며, 각각의 카메라별 전송신호 및 영상, 장애정보와 전원공급 및 SPD 상태, 감시와 녹화를 위한 각각의 장비별 전원공급 및 SPD 상태를 이력관리와 함께 관리할 수 있는 통합 관리프로그램으로 관리자가 수백대의 카메라를 효율적으로 관리할 수 있도록 설계 및 구현하였다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.2065_2066
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• 2009

In this paper, we have developed high performance SPD(surge protective device) and evaluated the characteristics in comparison with typical SPD used in the inside and outside of the country. The new SPD was composed of MOV(metal oxide varistor), GDT(gas discharge tube) and impedance such as resistors, capacitors or varistors. To estimate operating the characteristic of the SPD which was developed, it was measured surge voltage caused by fault current or surge according to IEC 61000-4-5. As a result it was found that the power supply was cut off by high performance SPD when caused a short-circuit. In addition we could know that it could prevent ELB(earth leakage breaker)'s malfunction caused by surge.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.75-81
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• 2013

In this paper, protection coordination between residual current devices and surge protective devices in low-voltage consumer's distribution systems are presented. In the case that a surge protrctive device(SPD) is located on the load side of an residual current device(RCD), when the surge is injected from the source side of the RCD, most of injected surge currents are split into the RCD and the protection coordination between the SPD and RCD is improper, three of 6 specimens experience unintended operation due to test impulse currents. Also when the surges is injected from the load side, a lot of the surge currents is split into the SPD, but a half of test specimens causes nuisance trip. Coordination between SPD and RCD is not valid. When installing SPD, it is important to select SPD after due consideration of the protection voltage level of metal oxide varistor embedded in RCD. It is expected that the results obtained from this work could be useful to improve the protection effects of SPD in low-voltage distribution systems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.68-75
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• 2014

Cascaded applications of surge protective devices(SPDs) are required in order to reduce the stress on the electrical and electronics equipment being protected, and the energy coordination between the cascaded SPDs is very important. This paper deals with the experimental results obtained from the installation conditions of full-scale SPDs. The energy coordination between the upstream Class I SPD and the downstream Class II SPD was measured using a $10/350{\mu}s$ impulse current due to direct lightning flashes. The distances between the cascaded SPDs were 3, 10, and 50m, and the maximum test current was 12.5kA. As a result, the energy sharing between cascaded SPDs was dependent on the voltage protection level of each SPD and the distance between two SPDs. An overview of how to select SPD ratings in applications of cascaded SPDs system was discussed based on the energy coordination between the two SPDs. The proposed test results for the energy coordination between two-stage cascaded SPDs can be used in effective applications of SPDs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.773-783
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• 2023

Background: Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the major fungal diseases in agriculture. Biological methods are preferred over chemical fungicides to control gray mold since they are less toxic to the environment and could induce the resistance to pathogens in plants. In this work, we try to understand if ginseng defense to B. cinerea could be induced by fungal hypovirulent strain △BcSpd1. BcSpd1 encodes Zn(II)₂Cys₆ transcription factor which regulates fungal pathogenicity and we recently reported △BcSpd1 mutants reduced fungal virulence. Methods: We performed transcriptomic analysis of the host to investigate the induced defense response of ginseng treated by B. cinerea △BcSpd1. The metabolites in ginseng flavonoids pathway were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antifungal activates were then performed. Results: We found that △BcSpd1 enhanced the ginseng defense response when applied to healthy ginseng leaves and further changed the metabolism of flavonoids. Compared with untreated plants, the application of △BcSpd1 on ginseng leaves significantly increased the accumulation of p-coumaric acid and myricetin, which could inhibit the fungal growth. Conclusion: B. cinerea △BcSpd1 could effectively induce the medicinal plant defense and is referred to as the biological control agent in ginseng disease management.

• The Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.68-71
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• 2012

금년부터 SPD가 KS제품으로 인정받을 수 있게 됩니다. 이러한 기술적 환경변화에 따라 SPD 기술에 대한 이해를 돕고자, 금번 호부터는 SPD에 대해서 연재하도록 하겠습니다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 1998

Polyamines were analyzed in young cotyledons of spring radish. The uptake rate of SPD were transported within 20 min lineary and reached the saturation phase after 1hr. The uptake rate of SPD decreased gradually with the time by the increasing amount of SPD inside the cells. The uptake of PA depends on the external pH. The optimal pH of PA uptake are pH 7.5. $K_m-$ and $V_{max}-$values depend on external pH also. The uptake rate of PA was inhibited by external KCI, which depolarized membrane potential in the cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.355-358
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• 2008

고도의 정보화 사회로 대부분 반도체 소자로 이루어진 전기전자기기가 널리 보급되었다. 이러한 전자부품은 저전압에서 구동되고 있어 낮은 전압의 서지라도 오동작을 일으키거나 파괴될 수 있다. 이와 같이 정보통신기기는 물론 가전기기를 둘러싼 환경은 뇌 서지에 매우 취약하여 뇌 보호 대책의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 뇌 보호 관련 규정이 KS C IEC 62305로 개정되면서 선택사항에 불과했던 내부 뇌보호 시스템인 서지보호기(SPD)가 필수사항이 되었다. 그런데 사용자들이 실제 현장에 설치하였을 때 많은 문제점이 발생되고 있다. SPD가 제대로 작동하는지의 동작상태와 경년에 따른 SPD의 특성 변화를 알 수 없다. 현재 SPD 기술은 단순한 LAMP에 의한 SPD의 소손 여부와 낙뢰 유입 횟수만 알 수 있을 뿐이다. 따라서 서지보호기에 유입되는 서지의 특성을 파악하여 대책 마련을 가능케 하여 규격에 적합한 서지보호 및 적용을 실현하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.285-288
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• 2009

WAN을 기반으로 하는 초고속 정보통신망이 구축되면서 컴퓨터를 기초로 하는 정보기술에 대한 의존도가 증가하고 있다. 그에 따라 컴퓨터를 비롯한 초고속 정보통신 설비 사고 가운데 뇌 서지에 기인하는 비중이 늘어나고 있다. 정보화 시스템의 일시적 기능 정지나 고장은 그 파급효과가 대단히 크고 경제적 손실이 막대하여 안정적인 서지 보호대책의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 이에 뇌 보호 관련 규정이 KS C IEC 62305로 개정되면서 선택사항에 불과했던 내부 뇌 보호 시스템인 서지보호기 (Surge Protective Device 이하 SPD)가 필수사항이 되었다. 하지만 약 30%가 SPD 설치 후에도 서지로 인한 피해를 입고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이는 설치 후에도 SPD가 제대로 작동하는지의 동작 상태와 경년에 따른 SPD의 특성 변화를 알 수 없어 문제 발생 시 정확한 원인 분석이 불가능하여 효과적인 대책수립이 어렵기 때문이다. 따라서 기존 SPD 기술의 한계점을 극복하여 유입되는 외부 서지의 특성을 파악하고 고장 예측이 가능한 차세대 뇌서지 보호대책을 고려하여야 한다.