• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.33-37
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• 2016

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, including in Iran. Variations in its incidence rate among geographical areas are due to various contributing factors. Since there has been a lack of studies on this topic in our country, the present spatial analysis of skin cancer incidence in Iran in 2009 was conducted using data from the cancer registry system for the country. The reported incidences of the disease were standardized on the basis of the World Health Organization population and the direct method. Then the data were inserted into the GIS software, and finally, using the analysis of hot spots (Getis-Ord Gi), high-risk areas were drawn. Provinces that were 1.9 SD higher or lower than the national average were considered hot spots or cold spots, with significance at the level of 0.05. In 2009, a total of 9,964 cases of skin cancer occurred, 3,696 in women and 6,268 in men (standardized incidence rates of 15.8 and 22.6, respectively). The results of the study showed that in men and women, the disease demonstrated high incidence in the central provinces and desert regions. In women, Yazd Province and in men, Qom Province had significant hot spots (p <0.05). While Isfahan, Markazi, Tehran and Kurdistan provinces were expected to be hot spots, the differences from the national average were not significant at the 0.05 level. As well, the provinces of Sistan Va Baluchistan, Kerman, and Hormozgan were identified as cold or low-risk disease regions (p <0.05). The central provinces of the country due to hot weather conditions, more solar radiation, and closer vicinity to the central desert of Iran demonstrated higher incidence rates for skin cancer, so further epidemiological studies into the etiology and early detection are essential in these areas.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.53-57
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• 2016

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers. Due to demographic changes, it is predicted that the incidence of this cancer will increase. Variations of its incidence rate among geographical areas are due to various contributing factors. Since there have been a lack of studies on this topic in our country, the present assessment of spatial patterns of colorectal cancer incidence in Iran was performed. In this ecological study, the new cases of colon cancer were extracted from Cancer Registry Center report of the Health Deputy of Iran in 2009. The reported incidences of the disease were standardized on the basis of the World Health Organization population and the direct method. Then the data were inserted into the GIS software, and finally, using the analysis of hot spots (Getis-Ord Gi) high-risk areas were drawn. Provinces that are higher or lower than the national average (1.9 SD) were considered hot spots or cold spots, significant at the level of 0.05. A total of 6,210 cases of colorectal cancer were registered in Iran in 2009, of which 3,727 were in men and 2,783 in women (age-standardized rates of 11.3 and 10.9 per 100,000 population, respectively). The results showed that in central and northern Iran including Isfahan, Qom, Tehran, Qazvin and Mazandaran significant hot spots in men were present (p <0.05). In women also we have high incidence in northern and central states: Mazandaran province (p<0.01) and the province of Tehran (p<0.05) had higher incidences than the national average and were apparent as significant hot spots. Analysis of the spatial distribution of colorectal cancer showed significant differences between different areas pointing to the necessity for further epidemiological studies into the etiology and early detection.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.849-858
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• 2019

Recent developments in computer graphics technology and image processing technology have increased interest in point cloud technology for inputting real space and object information as three-dimensional data. In particular, point cloud technology can accurately provide spatial information, and has attracted a great deal of interest in the field of autonomous vehicles and AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality). However, in order to provide users with 3D point cloud contents that require more data than conventional 2D images, various technology developments are required. In order to solve these problems, an international standardization organization, MPEG(Moving Picture Experts Group), is in the process of discussing efficient compression and transmission schemes. In this paper, we provide a region division transfer method of 3D point cloud content through extension of existing MPEG-DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP)-SRD (Spatial Relationship Description) technology, quality parameters are further defined in the signaling message so that the quality parameters can be selectively determined according to the user's request. We also design a verification platform for ROUTE (Real Time Object Delivery Over Unidirectional Transport)/DASH based heterogeneous network environment and use the results to validate the proposed technology.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.61-69
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• 2021

Wayfinding is a 'Process solving problem to find destination', and it is important to select spatial data for optimal way. Recently, due to the complexity of space and the expansion of the medium of the wayfinding service, it is necessary to the approach on the information design for them. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a meta guideline on the information design for the design of orientation sign, which is an important cognitive clue in the wayfinding. It was conducted in 3 stages, First, a design process was proposed and design elements were derived for each step by literature research related to information and sign design, and analysis of manual for signage design. Second, a meta guideline for information organization and visualization in the three-stage design process was proposed by FGI and analysis. Third, the meta guideline was applied to the sign design on an area for user evaluation to inspect the applicability of the meta guideline. Through the user questionnaire, the possibility of applying the guideline for visualization of directions and spaces, information hierarchy according to spatial characteristics and information priority was identified. It is meaningful in that necessary element for signage design are systematized centering on the process and that it presents a macroscopic methodology according to spatial characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.212-235
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the location and the spatial composition of Uireung that is located in Seokgwan-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, in order to understand the landscape architectural characteristics. The results are as follows. First, Uireung is 6.4km from Changdeokgung Palace and 5.5km from Heunginjimun Gate. It did not violate the distance standard (40km) for the royal tombs according to Joseon Dynasty Neung-won Myo-je. Second, Uireung is in harmony with the nature and shows the authoritative characteristics of the royal authority through the spatial composition and rank(Entrance Area, Ceremonial Area, Burial Area). Third, there are burial mound, stone sheep, stone tiger, stone table, stone watch pillars in the upper platform, and stone civil official, stone horse, stone lantern in the middle platform, and stone military official, stone horse in the lower platform, and T-shape shrine, worship road in the ceremonial area. There is no pond and a tomb keeper residence, but the position, size, and form can be approximated through historical research materials. There are a colony of pine trees around the burial mound and 64 species of trees such as pine tree, zelcova tree, and fir tree below the burial mound.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.15-21
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• 2021

This study studied the value of the spatial organization of the temple and the form of the garden located in the Seojang area in the southwestern regions of China. The value of the Lama temple was looked into by examining the relationship between Lamaism and Lama temple through the spatial organiz ation, building arrangement, and garden of temples that served as the center of history, culture, and politics of the time in the process of converging Buddhism introduced through China's central districts and India with folk beliefs in Seojang through the poor environment. To this end, the value of the space and garden of the Lama temple was derived through the representative Lama temples, Potala Temple, Norbulingka Temple, and Dazhao Temple. First, due to the unique environment in which ice caps and green areas coexist, the representative Lama temples in Seojang, Potala Temple, Norbulingka Temple, and Dazhao Temple, are widely distributed in the form of leaning against valleys and mountain ranges based on folk beliefs and Buddhism's Jatabuli(自他不二) and mandala. the target sites are largely divided into upper and lower spaces. Second, the target sites are largely divided into upper and lower spaces. Buildings for worship are located in the upper space, and spaces for practice and garden are located in the lower space. The garden existed in two main forms. Third, the garden existed in two main forms. Located in the center of the practice space, the garden had an ideal structure to plant bo tree to escape from the two false obsession and go to a world of truth that is with the Buddha behind the world through practice like Sakyamuni, and there was a garden around the temple where meditation and exchange took place. Evergreen coniferous forests are mainly planted in the forests.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.12
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• pp.632-641
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• 2021

Background: Over the past few decades, various goals have been defined to reduce the mortality of children caused by acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) worldwide. However, few spatial studies to date have reported on ALRI deaths. Purpose: We aimed to assess the spatial modeling of mortality from ALRI in children under 5 years of age during 2000-2017 using a global data. Methods: The data on the mortality of children under 5 years old caused by ALRI were initially obtained from the official website of the World Health Organization. The income status of their home countries was also gathered from the Country Income Groups (World Bank Classification) website and divided into 5 categories. After that, in the ArcGIS 10.6 environment, a database was created and the statistical tests and related maps were extracted. The Global Moran's I statistic, Getis-Ord Gi statistic, and geographically weighted regression were used for the analyses. In this study, higher z scores indicated the hot spots, while lower z scores indicated the cold spots. Results: In 2000-2017, child mortality showed a downward trend from 17.6 per 100,000 children to 8.1 and had a clustered pattern. Hot spots were concentrated in Asia in 2000 but shifted toward African countries by 2017. A cold spot that formed in Europe in 2007 showed an ascending trend by 2017. Based on the results of geographically weighted regression test, the regions identified as the hot spots of mortality from ALRI in children under 5 years old were among the middle-income countries (R²=0.01, adjusted R²=8.77). Conclusion: While the total number of child deaths in 2000-2017 has decreased, the number of hot spots has increased among countries. This study also concluded that, during the study period, Central and Western Africa countries became the main new hot spots of deaths from ALRI.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.364-388
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• 1995

Even though rarely recognized as a separate approach, the institutional approach in geography is defined as an attempt to seek an explanation of the phenomena of geographical interest through focusing on the effects of institutional structure and actions. It can provide interdisciplinary links with other works and can offer complementary explanations for geographical interests. The concerns for institutions in geography can be found in early studies, the study of the state, the managerial approach, and the regulation approach. The Korean financial systems can provide good examples to apply institutional concepts into creating spatial outcomes, as it has been regarded as a useful tool to promote Korean economic development. Behind the current spatial pattern of financial systems, four different stages of institutional changes are identified in Korea. Each stage has different institutional features reflecting unique spatial implication.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-168
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• 1995

problems involved in defining and identifying it. However, data on ownership of business establishments may be useful and one of the best alternatives for this empirical research because of use of limited information about control This study examines the spatial patterns of external control in the Korean manufacturing activities between 1986 and 1992. Using the data on ownership iinkages of multilocational firms between 15 administrative areas, it was possible to construct a matrix of organizational control in terms of the number of establishments. The control matrix was disaggregated by three types of manufacturing industries according to the capital and labor requirements of production processes used in. On the basis of the disaggregated control matrix, a series of measures were calculated for investigating the magnitude and direction of control as well as the external dependency. In the past decades Korean industrialization development has risen at a rapid pace, deepening integration into the world economy, together with the continuing growth of the large industrial firms. The expanded scale of large firms led to a spatial separation of production from control, Increasing branch plants in the nation. But recent important changes have occurred in the spatial organization of production by technological development, increasing international competition, and changing local labor markets. These changes have forced firms to reorganize their production structures, resulting in changes of the organizational structures in certain industries and regions. In this context the empirical analysis revealed the following principal trends. In general term, the geography of corporate control in Korea is marked by a twofold pattern of concentration and dispersion. The dominance of Seoul as a major command and control center has been evident over the period, though its overall share of allexternally controlled establishments has decreased from 88% to 79%. And the substantial amount of external control from Seoul has concentrated to the Kyongki and Southeast regions which are well-developed industrial areas. But Seoul's corporate ownership links tend to streteh across the country to the less-developed regions, most of which have shown a significant increase of external dependency during the period 1986-1992. At the same time, a geographic dispersion of corporate control is taking place as Kyongki province and Pusan are developing as new increasingly important command and control reaions. Though these two resions contain a number of branch plants controlled from other locations, they may be increasingly attractive as a headquarters location with increasing locally owned establishments. The geographical patterns of external control observable in each of three types of manufacturing industries were examined in order to distinguish the changing spatial structures of organizational control with respect to the characteristics of the production processes. Labor intensive manufacturing with unskilled iabor experienced the strongest external pressure from foreign competition and a lack of low cost labor. The high pressure expected not only to disinte-grate the production process but also led to location of production facilities in areas of cheap labor. The linkages of control between Seoul and the less-developed regions have slightly increased, while the external dependency of the industrialized regions might be reduced from the tendency of organizational disintegration. Capita1 intensive manufacturing operates under high entry and exit barriers due to capital intensity. The need to increase scale economies ied to an even stronger economic and spatial oncentration of control. The strong geographical oncentration of control might be influenced by orporate and organizational scale economies rather than by locational advantages. Other sectors experience with respect to branch plants of multilocational firms. The policy implications of the increase of external dependency in less-developed regions may be negative because of the very share of unskilled workers and lack of autonomy in decision making. The strong growth of the national economy and a scarcity of labor in core areas have been important factors in this regional decentralization of industries to less-developed regions. But the rather gloomy prospects of the economic growth in the near future could prevent the further industrialization of less-developed areas. A major rethinking of regional policy would have to take place towards a need for a regional policy actively favoring indigenous establishments.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.871-907
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to establish a new rural development policy system based on the unit of a community organizations. This study is to complement or replace the existing rural development system which is based on the unit of rural villages. The communalism which is the core concept of traditional rural villages has been weakened or destroyed. Especially, economic, social and spatial communalism of a rural villages has been weakened rapidly in the process of industralization and urbanization for the last 50 years. This means that strong communalism inside rural villages and neighborhood independence from each others among rural villages are already weakened. Rural villages no longer represent rural area, unlikely the hypothesis policy makers have been used to set up rural development policies. Advanced countries like EU and Japan are well known to have a rural development policy based on the units of social organizations in the rural area. These policies have been on the main stream in the era of local decentralization. Rural resident's organization made rural site's development plan using local assets and submitted to the public sector. Then the public sector examine its value and possibilities as a rural development projects. And public sector finalize the decision on subsidy grant. These policy patterns are already introduced partly in the field of urban development programme as well as rural development programme. It is time to apply those policies more widely and to examine more systematically.