• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

Background: Fish body size is a major determinant of freshwater trophic interactions, yet only a few studies have explored the relationship between the fish body size and trophic interactions in river upstream. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the body size and trophic position (TP) of Coreoperca kawamebari (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) in an upstream of the Geum River. Results: A stable isotope analysis (based on δ¹⁵N) was used to determine the TP based on the body size of C. kawamebari. The regression analysis (n = 33, f = 63.840, r² = 0.68) clearly showed the relationship between the body length and TP of C. kawamebari. The TP of C. kawamebari was clearly divided by body size into the following classes: individuals of size < 10 cm that feed on insects and individuals of size > 10 cm feed on juvenile fish. This selective feeding is an evolutionarily selective tendency to maximize energy intake per unit time. Furthermore, the diet shift of C. kawamebari was led by different spatial distributions. The littoral zone was occupied by individuals of size < 10 cm, and those of size > 10 cm were mainly in the central zone. The littoral zone can be assumed to be enriched with food items such as ephemeropterans and dipterans. Conclusion: The TP of C. kawamebari, as a carnivorous predator, will have a strong influence on biotic interactions in the upstream area of the Geum River, which can lead to food web implication.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.95-103
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• 2015

Many housing alternatives and design guidelines for the elderly have been suggested along with the rapid increase of old persons. However, most of them focused on the spatial composition and fixtures. They do not address on interior style which affects on interior mood. The interior style is especially important to the elderly who spend most of their time in indoor space, such as housing unit or nursing home. On the base of these backgrounds, the purpose of this study is to examine what interior style of bedroom and living room where the elderly lives are and whether they are significantly different depending on their cognitive ages, or not. The subject were 202 old persons who lived in Busan. Their ages were more than 65 years. They were interviewed by using 3D images of bedroom and living room. Each one consisted of three interior styles; Korean traditional style, Western classical style, and modern style. The results were as followings; The interior style of bedroom and living room which the old persons lived were different depending on the elderly's cognitive ages. The younger the old persons' cognitive ages were, they lived in bedroom or living room of modern style. Also, the older their cognitive ages were, they lived in bedroom or living room of Korean traditional style. These results show that the cognitive age of the old persons affect the characteristics of interior design which they live. Also, it implies that the elderly are not one homogeneous group, but a heterogeneous one.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2011

In wireless X networks where all transmitters send the independent messages to all receivers, the theoretical bound on the degrees of freedom (DOF) and interference alignment (IA) scheme for its achievability are given by Cadambe and Jafar [1]. However, IA scheme for wireless X network may be infeasible in practice unless the transmitters have the perfect channel information. In addition, if the transmitter with single antenna uses time-varying channel coefficients as a beamforming vector, the infinite channel extension is required to achieve the theoretical bound on the DOF of wireless X networks with perfect IA scheme. In this paper, we consider K-user MIMO X network where K transmitters and K receivers have M antennas each. While the beamforming vectors have been constructed with multiple channel uses over multiple time slot in the earlier work, we consider the beamforming vectors constructed only by a spatial signature over unit time. Accordingly the channel information at the transmitters can be available instantaneously. Then we propose the perfect IA scheme with no channel extension. Based on our sum-rate analysis and the simulation results, we confirm that our proposed scheme can achieve MK/2 DOF which is quite close to the theoretical bound on the DOF region of wireless X networks.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.164-173
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• 2013

This study starts from the genealogical analysis of the urban public spaces through local history of Seoul which is significantly different from western countries. The analysis targets the discourse on the urban street, the basic unit of urban tissue and the settlement condition in urban life, which defines urban space-structure among the urban public spaces. And this research classifies and categorizes the value recognition and policy value occurred each period. Based on these, this research defines the progress levels of urban public design policy in Seoul as follows. Results Firstly, 1890's and 1900's was the period of development in commerce and industry, which caused congested and crowded streets. The open port policy allowed the experience of the foreign circumstance, and thus the identity of the urban streets and the value of symbolism come to realize among the society. During the Japanese colonization, urban streets put on modernized images through the urban remodeling out of the context according to the colonization policy. The brand-new values such as publicness and amenity are injected as well as modern regulations by system and authority. From Liberation to 1950's, it performed only street restoration as a repair from war with Japanese colonial system because of the political confusion and administrative vacuum. Finally, each period can be defined as follows. 1890's and 1900's can be defined as 'spontaneous finding the modernization' because urban street was intentionally transformed by the empire. Period of the Japanese colonization can be defined as 'the formation of modernized urban street concept and the compulsion of modernized regulation.' And period of from Liberation to 1950's, can be called as 'the absence of value recognition and maintenance of colonial system.' methodology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.242-255
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• 2012

The Nemopilema nomurai a very large jellyfish that has been found in the East China Sea and is now are migrating to Korea and Japan. To investigate the occurrence of N. nomurai based on the changing marine environment of the East China Sea, we conducted field survey in the early summer from 2006-2008. We observed the marine environment using CTD and the occurrence of N. nomurai using FMT and bottom trawling. We caught the most N. nomurai in 2007 and the fewest in 2008 and environment factors influencing its are more sensitive temperature than salinity. Large quantities of N. nomurai with a small bell diameter were caught in 2007 and large individuals with a significant bell diameter were caught in 2008. This appeared which between the catch and bell diameter of N. nomurai had (-) correlation (R=-0.988, p=0.098). Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of N. nomurai concentrations in lower salinity mixed seawater inflow in Changjiang Diluted Water.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

The East African ionosphere (3°S-18°N, 32°E-50°E) was mapped using Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements from ground-based GPS receivers situated at Asmara, Mekelle, Bahir Dar, Robe, Arbaminch, and Nairobi. Assuming a thin shell ionosphere at 350 km altitude, we project the Ionospheric Pierce Point (IPP) of a slant TEC measurement with an elevation angle of >10° to its corresponding location on the map. We then infer the estimated values at any point of interest from the vertical TEC values at the projected locations by means of interpolation. The total number of projected IPPs is in the range of 24-66 at any one time. Since the distribution of the projected IPPs is irregularly spaced, we have used an inverse distance weighted interpolation method to obtain a spatial grid resolution of 1°×1° latitude and longitude, respectively. The TEC maps were generated for the year 2008, with a 2 hr temporal resolution. We note that TEC varies diurnally, with a peak in the late afternoon (at 1700 LT), due to the equatorial ionospheric anomaly. We have observed higher TEC values at low latitudes in both hemispheres compared to the magnetic equatorial region, capturing the ionospheric distribution of the equatorial anomaly. We have also confirmed the equatorial seasonal variation in the ionosphere, characterized by minimum TEC values during the solstices and maximum values during the equinoxes. We evaluate the reliability of the map, demonstrating a mean error (difference between the measured and interpolated values) range of 0.04-0.2 TECU (Total Electron Content Unit). As more measured TEC values become available in this region, the TEC map will be more reliable, thereby allowing us to study in detail the equatorial ionosphere of the African sector, where ionospheric measurements are currently very few.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.320-328
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• 2007

This paper presents a stiffness modeling of a low-DOF parallel robot, which takes into account of elastic deformations of joints and links, A low-DOF parallel robot is defined as a spatial parallel robot which has less than six degrees of freedom. Differently from serial chains in a full 6-DOF parallel robot, some of those in a low-DOF parallel robot may be subject to constraint forces as well as actuation forces. The reaction forces due to actuations and constraints in each serial chain can be determined by making use of the theory of reciprocal screws. It is shown that the stiffness of an F-DOF parallel robot can be modeled such that the moving platform is supported by 6 springs related to the reciprocal screws of actuations (F) and constraints (6-F). A general $6{\times}6$ stiffness matrix is derived, which is the sum of the stiffness matrices of actuations and constraints, The compliance of each spring can be precisely determined by modeling the compliance of joints and links in a serial chain as follows; a link is modeled as an Euler beam and the compliance matrix of rotational or prismatic joint is modeled as a $6{\times}6$ diagonal matrix, where one diagonal element about the rotation axis or along the sliding direction is infinite. By summing joint and link compliance matrices with respect to a reference frame and applying unit reciprocal screw to the resulting compliance matrix of a serial chain, the compliance of a spring is determined by the resulting infinitesimal displacement. In order to illustrate this methodology, the stiffness of a Tricept parallel robot has been analyzed. Finally, a numerical example of the optimal design to maximize stiffness in a specified box-shape workspace is presented.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.179-195
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• 2020

Purpose & Design/methodology/approach Amidst the COVID-19 spread, interest in telework has been increasing as a way to respond to environmental changes and improve organizational performance. In this study, causal loop diagram, thinking process, and four principles of TRIZ were used to find various ways to achieve work-life balance for workers and firms in teleworking environment. Findings The result of the causal loop diagram shows that keeping work-life balance is needed to provide free extra time for workers and achieve the firm's performance through efficient coordination between departments in teleworking environment. Using thinking process of TOC, we proposed a evaporating cloud for work-life balance and reviewed assumptions and premises to maintain extra free time for workers and achieve firm's performance paradoxically, and suggested solutions through the breakdown of the assumptions and premises. Resolving the contradiction(RC) by spatial separation is to divide working spaces into home, smart center, and mobile work types, to find both ways to achieve the organizational performance, and to provide extra time for workers. RC by temporal separation is to divide working time into various unit time, and to find ways to achieve organizational performance through doing work at office or home periodically or shiftly according to a predetermined schedule and time setting. RC by situational separation is to give options of flexible methods of performing work according to the conditions of the company or the worker. RC by separation between part and a whole is to find ways to organize and do the work so that the entire work can be completed efficiently even if each work is performed separately in teleworking way. This study is meaningful in that it provides basic thinking framework for achieving work-life balance in teleworking environment and proposes ways to resolve conflict from various perspectives, but it is limited in that it has not been tested empirically.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.158-168
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• 2007

This study analyzed the reduction efficiency to a debris barrier planed with the Office of Forestry and local provinces among diverse measurements for the diminution of high-density turbid water and soil erosion of Soyang reservoir. As the analysis of soil erosion of Soyang river basin applying rainfall data (2005) and GIS database, soil erosion is estimated as 4,819,494 ton. Also, in the analysis of unit soil erosion, Chugok-, Jaun-, and Ohang stream shows high value comparing with other watersheds. Debris barrier watersheds are extracted as the center of 94 debris barrier points using GIS spatial analysis. As the analysis of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) of debris barrier watershed, the reduction efficiency of soil erosion of debris barrier of 2005 is analyzed as 6.8%, that is 330,203 ton. Also, the reduction efficiency of soil erosion of debris barrier of 2005 increases as 10.5%, that is 506,783 ton, when the locations of debris barrier are changed into the high soil erosion area over 5,000 ton.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2014

This research is aimed to analyze the basic characteristics of the 16 floor plans of 4 small-sized apartments in DaLian-City. Recently, there are increasing that a small-sized apartments for new younger generation in China. The younger ages intend to got a new floor plan types apartments according to own's life style. Also, a lot of construction company showed the many types of new residential space design during the last about 10 years, in DaLian City. The research results are summarized as follows: First, all of the floor plan types were '-' shape, 'L' shape. Second, there were several co-relational types of space plan between living room, kitchen and dining space. Those are LDK, L K, L DK, LD K. Third, the bedroom of the $30m^2$-floor plan size has an open-space design but over the size of $40m^2$-floor plan the space is closed design. Fourth, The number of bathrooms in all the floor plans is just 1 and it's placed beside the entrance except for B3, C4. The basic equipments of the lavatory was a toilet, a washbowl, a shower. A bathtub is installed in the floor plans greater than $60m^2$. Fifth, almost all of the characteristics of the spatial interrelation - each room position order - based on the location of the entrance. In particular, almost all of the bedrooms are furthest from the entrance for the most privacy.