• School Mathematics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.353-373
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to provide instructional suggestions by investigating the spatial sense and spatial reasoning ability of 6th grade students. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions, 10 for spatial visualization and 10 for spatial orientation. The number of subjects for the survey was 145. The processes through which the students solved the problems were the basis for the assessment of their spatial reasoning. The result of the survey is as follows: First, students performed better in spatial visualization than in spatial orientation. With regard to spatial visualization, they were better in transformation than in rotation. With regard to spatial orientation, students performed better in orientation sense and structure cognitive ability than in situational sense. Second, the students that weren't excellent in spatial visualization tended to answer the familiar figures without using mental images. The students who lacked spatial orientation experienced difficulties finding figures observed from the sides. Third, students had high frequency rate on the cognition and use of transformation, the development and application of visualization methods and the use of analysis and synthesis. However they had a lower rate on a systematic approach and deductive reasoning. Further detailed investigation into how students use spatial reasoning, and apply it to actual teaching practice as a device for advancing their geometric thinking is necessary.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.95-103
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• 2015

Many housing alternatives and design guidelines for the elderly have been suggested along with the rapid increase of old persons. However, most of them focused on the spatial composition and fixtures. They do not address on interior style which affects on interior mood. The interior style is especially important to the elderly who spend most of their time in indoor space, such as housing unit or nursing home. On the base of these backgrounds, the purpose of this study is to examine what interior style of bedroom and living room where the elderly lives are and whether they are significantly different depending on their cognitive ages, or not. The subject were 202 old persons who lived in Busan. Their ages were more than 65 years. They were interviewed by using 3D images of bedroom and living room. Each one consisted of three interior styles; Korean traditional style, Western classical style, and modern style. The results were as followings; The interior style of bedroom and living room which the old persons lived were different depending on the elderly's cognitive ages. The younger the old persons' cognitive ages were, they lived in bedroom or living room of modern style. Also, the older their cognitive ages were, they lived in bedroom or living room of Korean traditional style. These results show that the cognitive age of the old persons affect the characteristics of interior design which they live. Also, it implies that the elderly are not one homogeneous group, but a heterogeneous one.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2018

To fly a drone or unmanned aerial vechicle(UAV) safely, its pilot needs to maintain high situation awareness of its flight space. One of the important ways to improve the flight space awareness is to integrate both the global and the local navigation map a drone provides. However, the drone pilot often has to use the inconsistent reference frames or perspectives between the two maps. In specific, the global navigation map tends to display space information in the third-person perspective, whereas the local map tends to use the first-person perspective through the drone camera. This inconsistent perspective problem makes the pilot use mental rotation to align the different perspectives. In addition, integrating different dimensionalities (2D vs. 3D) of the two maps may aggravate the pilot's cognitive load of mental rotation. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relation between perspective difference ($0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $270^{\circ}$) and the map dimensionality matches (3D-3D vs. 3D-2D) to improve the way of integrating the two maps. The results show that the pilot's flight space awareness improves when the perspective differences are smaller and also when the dimensionalities between the two maps are matched.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among spatial ability, learning styles, visual-perception- recall abiltiy, and the conceptual construction of the earth and moon's motion. Four paper-and-pencil tests were used to measure students' cognitive variables. Spatial ability was measured by Spatial Visualization Test, visual-perception-recall ability was measured by Rey's Figure which also have used to test visual- perception-recall ability of right-temporal lobes, and VVT were used to investigate students' learning styles. further, the test of concept construction was consisted of 15 items about the earth and moon's motion developed by researcher One hundred and twenty-seven 6th-, one hundred and sixteen 7th-, eighty-seven 9th-grade, ninety-three college students were participated in the investigation of the effects of age and learning style on conceptual construction. In the analysis of students' performances, spatial ability, visual-perception-recall ability, and conceptual achievement showed an increasing pattern with grading. In addition, visual learner's conceptual achievement showed a significantly higher score on conceptual test than verbal learner's(p<0.05). The results of the present study supported tile hypothesis that learning styles would differently influence to learning atmospheric concepts by students'learning styles. This study also indicated to be considered the students' spatial ability in learning atmospheric concepts.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.99-113
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• 2015

Adaptive bitrate (ABR) streaming technology has become an important and prevalent feature in many multimedia delivery systems, with content providers such as Netflix and Amazon using ABR streaming to increase bandwidth efficiency and provide the maximum user experience when channel conditions are not ideal. Where such systems could see improvement is in the delivery of live video with a closed loop cognitive control of video encoding. In this paper, we present streaming camera system which provides spatially and temporally adaptive video streams, learning the user's preferences in order to make intelligent scaling decisions. The system employs a hardware based H.264/AVC encoder for video compression. The encoding parameters can be configured by the user or by the cognitive system on behalf of the user when the bandwidth changes. A cognitive video client developed in this study learns the user's preferences (i.e. video size over frame rate) over time and intelligently adapts encoding parameters when the channel conditions change. It has been demonstrated that the cognitive decision system developed has the ability to control video bandwidth by altering the spatial and temporal resolution, as well as the ability to make scaling decisions

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.274-279
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• 2016

Purpose: Adolescents who experienced the alcohol consumption have gradually increased. Adolescence is a critical period of the neural plasticity in the brain. Neural plasticity is mediated by neurotrophins and has an impact on cognitive function. Environmental enrichment ameliorates the cognitive function and increases neurotrophins. Thus, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of environmental enrichment on ethanol induced cognitive impairment in adolescent rats. Methods: The ethanol groups and the controls groups were injected with ethanol (0.5g/kg) and phosphate buffered saline, respectively, through intraperitoneal from 28th day of birth for 11 days. The environmental enrichment groups were provided larger cages containing toys than the standard cage. Passive avoidance test and Y-maze test were performed to evaluate the spatial memory. Results: Environmental enrichment+ethanol group showed higher alterations than the standard environment+ethanol group in Y-maze test (p<.05). In hippocampus, The environmental enrichment+ethanol group showed significantly higher level of the number of c-fos positive celsl and density of tropomyosin receptors kinase B receptor than the standard environment+ethanol group (p<.05). Conclusion: So, we suggested that the environmental enrichment played a role as a prophylaxis for prevention of memory impairment induced by ethanol exposure in adolescence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.18-25
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate cognitive gap between users and architectural experts for architectural planning of elementary schools to support effective decision-makings. For this study, each architectural factor was selected from the journals published by Korean Institute of Education Facilities(KIEF) from 2000 to 2004. Among these factors, the priority planning factors were decided through Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The results of this study showed users' emphasis on the amenities of physical environment such as orientation, ventilation, noise, view, but experts' preference on spatial composition of space and function such as orientation, circulation, zoning, parking lot, courtyard. This difference shows clear cognitive gaps between two groups and also suggests factors required to be considered to develop effective decision-making in elementary school planning.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.295-304
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• 2021

Olfactory neuropathology is a cause of olfactory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Olfactory dysfunction is also associated with memory and cognitive dysfunction and is an incidental finding of AD dementia. Here we review neuropathological research on the olfactory system in AD, considering both structural and functional evidence. Experimental and clinical findings identify olfactory dysfunction as an early indicator of AD. In keeping with this, amyloid-β production and neuroinflammation are related to underlying causes of impaired olfaction. Notably, physiological features of the spatial map in the olfactory system suggest the evidence of ongoing neurodegeneration. Our aim in this review is to examine olfactory pathology findings essential to identifying mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in the development of AD in hopes of supporting investigations leading towards revealing potential diagnostic methods and causes of early pathogenesis in the olfactory system.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2022

Purpose: Aging process comes with cognitive impairment due to decreased neuronal cell number, activity, and neuronal circuit. Alteration of inhibitory neurons contributes to cognitive impairment in normal aging and is responsible for disrupting the excitation/inhibition balance by reducing the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Morus nigra (Mulberry) is a natural physiologically active substance that has been proven to have anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects through many studies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the mulberry extract (ME) on cognitive function through anti-oxidant enzyme and GABAergic neuronal activity in aged rat brain. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned as the young group (8 weeks, n= 8), aging group (67 weeks, n= 8), and aging+ mulberry extract group (67 weeks, n= 8). The aging+ mulberry extract group was orally administered 500 mg/kg/d mulberry extract for 6 weeks. Results: The aging+ mulberry extract group improved spatial and short-term memory. The antioxidant potential of ME increased the expression of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Also, the aging+ mulberry extract group significantly increased the expression of GABAergic interneuron in hippocampus cornu ammonis1 (CA1) compared to the aging group. Conclusion: The number of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons was deceased and memory functions in the aging process, but those symptoms were improved and restored by mulberry extract administration.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 1999

It is widely known that the hippocampus plays an important role in spatial memory. Recent studies have suggested that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in spatial memory. However it is unclear whether the PPC is involved in w working memory or reference memory of spatial learning. The purpose of the present study was to determine contribution of the hippocampus and the PPC to spatial working memory and acquisition of reference memory. Using an eight-arm radial maze in which e each arm was baited. working memory was tested by measuring rat's ability to remember arms they had visited. Reference memory was tested by measuring rat's ability to avoid visiting four consistently unbaited arms. Effects of hippocampal or PPC lesion on working memory or acquisition of reference memory in radial-arm maze learning were investigated Working memory was impaired by hippocampal lesion whereas not affected by PPC lesion. Acquisition of reference memory was impaired by lesion in either site. The results suggest that the hippocampus plays an important role in the spatial working memory while both the hippocampus and the PPC contribute to the acquisition of spatial reference memory.