• Special Issue of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• 2013.12a
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• pp.42-46
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• 2013

Recently, according to the growth of demand about large container carrier, the studies for cavitation of semi-spade rudder were increased. In spite of many effort to solve, the fundamental solution can not be found. So, the studies for full-spade rudder are increasing to solve. In Pusan national university, the studies for full-spade twisted rudder and full-spade wavy twist rudder were carried out. However, most studies are carried out in numerical analysis and the many studies of experimental comparison between each rudder are not exist. This paper describe design history of full-spade rudder (twist rudder, wavy twist rudder) for KCS (KRISO Container Ship) and compare performance of each designed full-spade rudder about resistance and self-propulsion with conventional rudder (semi-spde rudder). The measurement about designed rudder's rudder force will be performed near future.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.28-33
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• 2004

Generally Horn-type rudders have been used for single propeller and single rudder system. The reason is that the rudder torques of Horn-type rudder are smaller than those of Spade rudder with same lift force. But it is found that the rudder cavitation occurs on a Horn-type rudder of fast container ship. In this paper the comparison results of Horn-type and Spade rudders are described. HPMM tests are carried out to compare the effects of two rudder types on the maneuverability of a ship. It is shown that the maneuvering performance of a ship equipped with Horn-type rudder is better than that equipped with Spade rudder by comparing the test results and maneuvering coefficients at scantling condition. The reason is that the movable part area of Horn-type rudder is about 14％ larger than that of Spade rudder with same total area. And the rudder torque of Spade rudder is greater than that of Horn rudder. At ballast condition, however, the effect of rudder type is negligible.

• Special Issue of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• 2011.09a
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• pp.1-4
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• 2011

The full spade rudder for the high speed has advantage to prevent gap cavitation of the rudder. DSME has developed the full spade rudder and GL has carried out CFD analysis and FE analysis to confirm strength and fatigue for DSME and Owner. Necessarily, it needs to compare rudder torque & rudder force between CFD, FE analysis and full scale measurement. This report introduces the measurement method and application of strain gauge for measuring the rudder torque and rudder force for the 8,400 TEU container ship.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2013

The shape of a conventional full spade rudder has been modified to implement the Coanda effect and consequential changes in the flow characteristics are carefully examined to show the significant enhancement in the lift performance. A preliminary numerical study has been done to identify the optimum configuration of the modified rudder sections. For the purpose, chord wise locations of the jet slit and the radii of the trailing edge were varied in several ways and the changes in the lift characteristics have been observed at the various angles of attack, particularly focusing on the usefulness of the Coanda effect upon delaying the stall or increase in the circulation. Making the most use of the results so attained, full spade rudder of a VLCC has been reformed to realize the Coanda effect. A series of model experiments and numerical simulations are performed to confirm the effectiveness of the Coanda effect in improving the performance of the modified rudder. It is found that considerable enhancement in the lift performance of the rudder is plausible at any rudder angle if an optimum jet momentum is provided.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.163-177
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• 2010

This article examines hydrodynamic characteristics and speed performances of a ship attached with a full spade and a twisted rudder based on a computational method. For this study, a 13,100 TEU container carrier is selected. The turbulent flows around a ship are analyzed by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation together with the application of Reynolds stress turbulence model. The computations are carried out at the conditions of rudder, bare hull, hull-rudder and hull-propeller-rudder. An asymmetric body-force propeller is applied. The speed performance is predicted by the model-ship performance analysis method of the revised ITTC'78 method. The hydrodynamic forces are compared in both rudder-open-water and self-propulsion conditions. The flow characteristics, the speed performance including propulsion factors and the rudder-cavitation performance are also compared. The model tests are conducted at a deep-water towing tank to validate the computational predictions. The computational predictions show that the twisted rudder is superior to the full spade rudder in the respect of the speed and the cavitation performances.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.43 no.4 s.148
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• pp.422-430
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• 2006

The horn and movable parts around the gap of the conventional semi-spade rudder are visualized by high speed CCD camera with the frame rate of 4000 fps (frame per second) to study the unsteady cavity pattern on the rudder surface and gap. In addition, the pressure measurements are conducted on the rudder surface and inside the gap to find out the characteristics of the flow behavior. The rudder without propeller wake is tested at the range of $1.0{\leq}{\sigma}_v\;1.6$ and at the rudder deflection angle of $-8{\leq}{\theta}{\leq}10^{\circ}$. The time resolved cavity images are captured and show strong cavitation around the rudder gap in all deflection angles. As the deflection angle gets larger, the flow separated from the horn surface increases the strength of cavitation. The accelerated flow along the horn decreases its pressure and the separated flow from the horn increases the pressure abruptly. The pressure distribution inside the gap reveals the flow moving from the pressure to suction side. In the negative deflection angle, the turning area on the movable part initiates the flow separation and cavitation on it.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.131-142
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• 2019

In this paper, a Wavy Twisted Rudder (WTR) is proposed to address the discontinuity of the twisted section and increase the stalling angle in comparison to a conventional full-spade Twisted Rudder (TR). The wave configuration was applied to a KRISO Container Ship (KCS) to confirm the characteristics of the rudder under the influence of the propeller wake. The resistance, self-propulsion performance, and rudder force at high angles of the wavy twisted rudder and twisted rudder were compared using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The numerical results were compared with the experimental results. The WTR differed from the TR in the degree of separation flow at large rudder angles. This was verified by visualizing the streamline around the rudder. The results confirmed the superiority of the WTR in terms of its delayed stall and high lift-drag ratio.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 1992

A potential based panel method is used to predict the open water characteristics of spade-type rudders. The inflow velocity is assumed to be constant in lime and uniform in space. Source and dipole are distributed on the rudder surface. It is assumed that the wake surface is streaming from trailing edge and it is represented by dipole distribution. In this paper, wake geometry is assumed by imposing appropriate conditions at the trailing edge and far from the body. The effects of wake geometry are studied. The pressure Kutta condition is applied at the trailing edge, the effects of which are compared with those of two-dimensional Kutta condition. The results of calculations for a spade-type rudder are compared with published results. It is concluded that this approach shows fairly good agreement with experimental results and can be used in the initial design stage of a rudder.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.479-487
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• 2009

This paper describes the design of a full-spade twisted rudder section by using the genetic algorithm based on VLM(Vortex Lattice Method) and panel method. The developed propeller- rudder analysis program has been validated by comparing with experimental data. The developed code has been used for the design of a twisted full-spade rudder especially for finding out optimum section. The optimization has been firstly carried out by the genetic algorithm. The more detail variation of a rudder section has been also conducted by changing section profile in more detail to confirm the most optimum section profile. The developed new twisted rudder has been compared with existing twisted rudder by cavitation testing in the cavitation tunnel at MOERI. It is concluded that the developed twisted rudder has a lower cavity in comparison with existing twisted rudder. The verification of efficiency gain is expected to be carried out through self-propulsion tests in the near future.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.43 no.5 s.149
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• pp.578-585
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• 2006

Cavitation related erosion damages on semi-spade rudder generally occur at around leading edge of lower-face and behind gap of lower pintle. To get the idea of gap entrance profile for the latter case, a series of tests with large models has been carried out at MOERI. In the tests, the flow pattern around lower pintle have been investigated and visualized by high speed camera. Additionally, cavitation inception tests and pressure measurements have also been conducted for better comparison. As a result a new model (F rudder) has been developed. The new model turned out to have stable pressure distribution along the surface and so the cavitation inception speeds within ${\pm}5^{\circ}$ of rudder angle were delayed approx. 4 knots in average.