• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2007

비지로부터 분리한 Bacillus subtills PUL-A 균주를 이용한 비지발효물로부터의 biopolymer flocculant 생산은 glutamate 함량이 5% 첨가한 후 $42^{\circ}C$에서 24시간동안 발효하는 경우에 PGA 생산량은 52.2g/kg으로 최대를 나타내었다. 부분 정제된 biopolymer flocculant의 PGA의 함량은 87%이었으며, 분자량은 $1.3{\times}10^6$ dalton 이상을 나타내었다. PGA의 pH 변화에 따른 점조도는 pH 6을 기준으로 산성 쪽으로 갈수록 급격하게 감소하였으나, 분자량의 변화는 거의 나타나지 않았다. Bioflocculant의 유동특성은 농도가 증가할수록 전단속도가 증가되어 전형적인 의가소성 흐름특성을 나타내었으며, 항복력도 증가하였다. Bioflocculant 용액의 점조도 값은 pH가 높을수록 열에 상당히 안정하였으나 열처리온도 및 시간이 증가할수록 pH에 따라 급격하게 감소하였다. Kaolin clay suspension을 이용한 응집활성에서 bioflocculant의 농도가 15 mg/L 일 때 최대 응집활성을 나타내었으며, 응집활성은 $Ca^{2+}$을 첨가할 때 가장 높게 증가하였으며 최적 농도는 4.5mM로 나타났다. 그러나 3가 양이 온인 $Fe^{3+}$을 첨가할 경우는 응집활성이 급격하게 감소하였다. 응집활성은 pH 5에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, $60{\sim}100^{\circ}C$에서 열처리함에 따라 응집활성은 급격하게 감소하였다. 또한 저분자량의 PGA보다는 native 고분자량의 PGA가 응집활성에 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.677-681
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• 2005

A study was conducted to see the effect of dietary incorporation of alkali (1.5% NaOH, w/w) processed solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) supplemented with methionine on growth performance, humoral immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from 0 to 8 weeks of age. One hundred and twenty, day- old broiler chicks were wing banded, vaccinated against Marek' disease and distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) into 3 groups of 40 chicks each, which was further replicated to 4 and fed on diet containing soybean meal and those of test groups were fed diets containing alkali (1.5% NaOH) treated SKC partially replacing soybean meal nitrogen of reference diet (12.5%) without or with supplementation of methionine (0.2%). Individual body weight of chicks and replicate-wise feed intakes were recorded at weekly intervals throughout the experimental period. Feed consumption from 1 to 14, 28, 42 and 56 d of age was recorded for each replicate and feed conversion efficiency (weight gain/feed intake) for the respective period was calculated. Mortality was monitored on daily basis. On 28$^{th}$ day of experimental feeding, two birds of each replicate in each dietary group (8 birds/diet) were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a 1.0% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the antibody titre (log 2) was measured after 5 days by the microtitre haemmagglutination procedure. After 42 days of experimental feeding, a retention study of 4 days (43-47 d) duration was conducted on all birds to determine the retention of various nutrients such as DM, N, Ca, P and GE. On 43$^{rd}$ day of experimental feeding, one representative bird from each replicate of a dietary treatment (4/dietary group) was sacrificed, after fasting for two hours with free access to water, through cervical dislocation to observe the weight of dressed carcass, primal cuts (breast, thigh, drumstick, back, neck and wing), giblet (liver, heart and gizzard), abdominal fat and digestive organs. The body weight gain of chicks fed reference diet and those fed diet incorporated with NaOH treated SKC (12.5% replacement) with or without methionine supplementation was comparable during 0 to 4 weeks of age. However, dietary incorporation of alkali processed SKC replacing 12.5% nitrogen moiety of soybean meal resulted in growth retardation, subsequently as evidenced by significantly (p<0.05) lowered body weight gain during 0 to 6 weeks of age in birds fed diet incorporated with alkali processed SKC at 6.43% without methionine as compared to those supplemented with methionine or reference diet. Dietary incorporation of alkali (1.5% NaOH) processed SKC replacing 12.5% of soybean meal nitrogen in the diet of broiler chickens had no adverse effect on feed conversion ratio during all the weeks of experimental feeding. The humoral immune response (HIR) as measured by the antibody titre in response to SRBC inoculation was comparable among all the dietary groups. No significant difference in the intake and retention of DM, N, Ca, P or GE was noted among the chicks fed reference and alkali processed SKC incorporated diets with or without methionine supplementation. None of the carcass traits varied significantly due to dietary variations, except the percent weight of liver and giblet. The percent liver weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the birds fed diet incorporated with alkali processed SKC as compared to that in other two groups. Thus solvent extracted karanj cake could be incorporated after alkali (1.5% NaOH, w/w) processing at an enhanced level of 6.43%, replacing 12.5% of soybean meal nitrogen, in the broiler diets up to 4 weeks of age, beyond which the observed growth depression on this diet could be alleviated by 0.2% methionine supplementation.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.202-210
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to bake sweet rice muffins with oak mushroom ($Lentinus$ $edodes$) powder. The process included substituting sweet rice flour for cake flour and adding oak mushroom powder. This study determined the optimal mixing conditions of oak mushroom muffins by adjusting the amounts of oak mushroom powder, whole eggs, and soybean oil. The mixing conditions for the oak mushroom muffins included 3 categories: oak mushroom powder (X1), whole eggs (X2), and soybean oil (X3) by Central Composite Design (CCD) which was optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Oak mushroom muffin formulation was optimized using rheology. Yellowness (p<0.001) and redness (p<0.05) displayed a linear model pattern, whereas lightness (p<0.05) was represented by a quadratic model. Among the sensory properties, variables that appeared to show significant values such as appearance (p<0.5), texture (p<0.5), and overall quality (p<0.5) were used to identify optimums. The result of mechanical properties showed significant values in gumminess (p<0.5) and chewiness (p<0.5). The numerical and graphical methods used in this study determined that the optimum formulation for oak mushroom powder sweet rice muffins was 8.75 g of oak mushroom powder, 235.95 g of whole eggs, and 19.93 g of soybean oil.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2006

전북 순창지역의 고추장민속마을에서 생산한 장아찌 제품의 품질을 균일화하기 위한 기초 연구로서 10품목의 장아찌 제품 90종을 수집하여 이화학적 특성을 비교하였다. 감, 마늘, 오이, 무, 더덕, 매실장아찌는 고추장으로 버무렸으며, 깻잎장아찌는 된장으로, 울외장아찌는 주박으로, 고추장아찌는 된장과 간장으로 버무렸다. 장아찌 제품의 수분 함량, pH 및 총산함량은 원료의 특성에 따라 차이가 있었다. 당도는 $22.10{\pm}3.04$(간장고추) - $55.53{\pm}7.67$(마늘장아찌) $^oBrix$로서 비교적 높았으며, 고추장으로 절임한 경우가 된장이나 간장 절임보다 높았다. 염도는 $3.56{\pm}1.11$(매실장아찌) - $9.15{\pm}6.35%$(간장고추)로서 매우 높았으며, 간장으로 절임한 제품에서 높았다. 경도는 제품에 따른 차이가 매우 컸으며, 총균수는 $5.62{\pm}0.10$(간장고추) - $6.83{\pm}0.55$ log CFU/g(된장깻잎)로서 비슷하였다. 결론적으로, 제품의 품질 균일화와 함께 염도가 높은 장아찌 제품들의 염도를 낮추는 제조 방법에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기되었다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.282-293
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• 2008

In order to develop the substitutive materials for natural baits of swimming crab pots, the attracting effects of swimming crab such as the preference of baits which were made of the by-products of marine and stock raising through the water tank experiments and fishing experiments. On the investigation of mean entrapped catch number to the pot by the baits after putting the 4 kinds of baits, mackerel(M), mackerel with grinded mackerel s internals($MM_I$), mackerel with tuna s internals$MM_I$) and makerel with grinded krill(MK) each in one pot by turns, $MM_I$ and MK were entrapped mean 3.9(13.0%) and they were a little more comparing to M, and $MT_I$ is least with mean 2.1(7.0%)(F=12.913, P < 0.05). Otherwise, on the preference investigation of swimming crabs by the baits after putting the 4 kinds of baits in the 4 pots each, M was entrapped mean 3.0(10%), but $MM_I$, $MT_I$ and MK were mean 1.2(4.0%), 1.0(3.3%) and 1.5(5.0%) each and they were only 30-50% of M(F=13.398, P < 0.05). On the preference investigation of swimming crabs by the 5 kinds of baits, mackerel(M), and krill(K), manila clam($M_C$), pig s fat($P_F$) and chicken s head($C_H$) which were used in substitutive baits, M was entrapped mean 3.2(10.7%), but K was about 50% of catch of M with mean 1.6(5.3%), and $M_C$, $P_F$ and $C_H$ were very few with mean 0.1-0.2(0.3-0.7%)(F=89.186, P < 0.05). On the preference investigation of swimming crabs by the pots which were put each the 3 kinds of baits, original krill(K), grinded krill with gluten and soybean oil cake($K_GGS$) and grinded krill with gluten, soybean oil cake and glycine($K_GGSG_L$) in the blue fluorescent hexahedral plastic bait cages(BF), and which were put the mackerel(M) in the non-fluorescent hexahedral red plastic bait cage($RF_N$), it was entrapped mean 3.0(10.0%) in the pot which was put the mackerel in the $RF_N$, and the same level in the pots which were put the K and $K_GGSG_L$ in the BF, but it was mean 2.0(6.7%) in the pots which was put the $K_GGS$ in BF and it was decreased by 30% of catch comparing to $RF_N$(F=3.750, P < 0.05). On the preference investigation of swimming crab by the pots which was put grinded tuna with gluten, soybean oil cake and glycine($T_IGSG_L$) in the blue fluorescent hexahedral plastic bait cage(BF), and which was put mackerel(M) in the nonfluorescent hexahedral red plastic bait cage($RF_N$), it was entrapped mean 3.3(11.0%) in the pot which was put mackerel in $RF_N$, and mean 2.7(9.0%) in the pot which was put $T_IGSG_L$ in BF and it was about 15% less comparing to use bait M(t=1.387, P < 0.05). As a results of fishing experiments, a plan for enhancing catching efficiency of $T_IGSG_L$ will be required because catching efficiency of $T_IGSG_L$, alternative bait, was half of fish catching efficiency of natural bait using mackerel. Fishing experiments were conducted 3 times using reinforced substitutive artificial bait that is reinforced attractive effect of $T_IGSG_L$ and composed of tuna intestine, grinded mackerel, gluten, soybean cake, glycine and alanine($T_IM_GGSG_LA$). Catching efficiency of $T_IM_GGSG_LA$ was about 80% of that of natural bait made of mackerel.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2012

본 연구는 탄수화물이 주 영양분인 떡의 부족한 단백질과 대두가 갖는 생리활성성분을 보충할 수 있는 기능성 떡볶이 떡을 제조하고자 대두 속 영양분의 대부분을 함유하는 전지활성 생대두미세분말(MFS)로 만든 전두부를 첨가하여 떡볶이용 가래떡을 제조하고 떡의 품질특성을 측정하였다. 전두부에는 대두에 함유된 지질이 그대로 들어 있어 단백질과 지질의 영향이 모두 나타나 가래떡의 품질특성에 영향을 미친다고 생각된다. 전두부를 첨가한 떡볶이용 떡은 쌀가루, 물, 전두부 0, 3, 6, 9%, 소금을 쌍축형 압출성형기에 넣어 제조하였으며 제조직후와 저장 24시간, 48시간 경과 후의 품질특성을 각각 비교하였다. 전두부첨가 떡볶이용 떡의 제조직후의 수분함량은 전두부 무첨가군과 첨가군 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었으며, 저장시간이 길어질수록 무첨가군을 제외하고는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 떡의 기계적인 조직감을 측정한 결과 경도와 부착성은 전두부 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 저장 시간이 길어질수록 경도는 유의적으로 증가하고 부착성과 탄력성은 감소하였다. 색도 실험에서 떡의 명도를 나타내는 L값과 황색도인 b값은 전두부의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 조리특성인 수분흡수율과 고형물용출량을 측정한 결과, 떡의 수분흡수율은 무첨가군이 12.16%로 가장 낮았고 전두부 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 떡의 고형물용출량은 전두부 무첨가군이 8.46%로 유의적으로 높았으며, 첨가량이 늘어날수록 그 값은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 전두부첨가 떡볶이용 떡의 향, 맛, 색, 단단한 정도, 쫄깃한 정도 항목에 대한 기호도평가 및 전반적인 선호도를 9점 척도법으로 실시한 관능검사 결과 9% 전두부 첨가군이 전반적 기호도에서 가장 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 떡볶이용 가래떡의 제조 시 전두부 첨가량을 9%로 하는 것이 떡볶이용 떡의 품질개선과 기호도 증가에 기여하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.652-664
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• 2008

In this study, a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan was developed for the sanitary mass production of commercial Korean rice cake products (Gaepidduk, Injulmi, and Julpyon). The microbiological properties of manufacturing flow were evaluated in order to develop the HACCP Plan. The moisture contents of the rice cakes ranged between 36.2${\sim}$55.3%, whereas the water activity of all samples ranged between 0.954${\sim}$1.0. Microorganisms testing was conducted during various phases of the product flow of Korean rice cake preparation, and included assessments of food equipment, work environment, and cooking employees on a small scale. During the manufacture of Injulmi, Julpyon and Gaepidduk, CCPs were purchasing & storage, steaming and cooling, molding, and holding in the A and B manufactories. At the critical limit of CCPs, storage was conducted below at $5^{\circ}C$ in soybean powder, oil, and paste with redbeans. The steaming process was conducted above at $99^{\circ}C$ for 40 min. Cooling and holding processes were conducted for 2 hours below at $15^{\circ}C$. The molding process included sanitary education for foodhandlers and training for operators. Thus, certain prerequisite programs had to be implemented prior to the implementation of the HACCP system. High levels of bacterial contamination were detected in the aprons worn to work by some employees. Additionally, periodic sanitary education for foodhandlers and training for operators or managers was required. Cross contamination by materials was expected at the place where materials were processed or stored.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 1984

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the food preferences of college students of Korea. The survey was conducted on november, 1981 through the questionnaires. The subjects were 1184 male and 1241 female students of 9 universities. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1) Preferences of staple foods : Cooked rice was preferred most by the subjects. Male liked rice more than female, whereas female liked bread and noodle more than male. Among the different kinds of rice, bread, and noodles, the following food items were favored by the subjects. (plain rice, red bean rice and soybean rice ; salad bread and vegetable bread ; Nangmyun and Bibim Kooksu). The foods not preferred were barley rice, instant noodle and soybean milk noodle. 2) Preference of side - dishes : Among the kinds of side - dishes by different preparation methods, stews were the most favored and the next favored were soups by the subiecls whereas female showed lower preference of soups than male subjects Most disliked kinds of side-dishes were changachi and moochim. For example, side-dishes which showed higher preference in each preparation method were stew (Kimchi stew and Soybean paste stew), soup (Beef soup and Seaweed soup), kimchi (Korean cabbage Kimchi), Bockeum (Sauted beef and Sauted Kimchil, cheon(Beef Cheon, fish Cheon), Kui(broiled saury and broiled yellow tail runner), Chorim(braised cuttle fish and braised fish cake), Namul(sliced radish, cucumber, and spinachi), and Changachi (dried radish). The side-dishes which showed lower preference were Alaskan pollack soup, soybean curd residue stew, cabbage Kimchi, liver Cheon, sauted liver, hairtail Chorim, radish rootNamul, and dried radish root Changachi. 3) Preferences of snacks. Fruits apple, peach, pear) were the most preferred snacks by the subjects. Male preferred ginsang tea whereas famale preferred coffee. Both bate and female subjects showed higher preference of milk and lower preference of sweets. 4) Preference of one-dish meals : No one dish meal were disliked by the subjects. Male liked Bockeum-Bab more than female, and female liked Mandukuk more than male subjects.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.31-43
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop Zingiber officinale Roscoe powder(ginger powder) sweet rice muffins. The process included substituting sweet rice flour for cake flour and adding ginger powder. The mixing conditions for the ginger powder sweet rice muffins were a control and three levels of ginger powder (A), whole egg (B), and soybean oil (C) using central composite design, and were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimization was analyzed with regard to physical, textural, and sensory properties. Among the sensory properties, variables that appeared to show significant values, such as appearance, flavor, softness and overall quality were used to identify optimums. The numerical and graphical methods used in this study determined that the optimum formulation for ginger powder sweet rice muffins was 8.39 g of ginger powder, 215.37 g of whole egg, and 54.40 g of soybean oil. Ginger increases appetite, enhances metabolism and reduces the speed of aging. These health advantages of ginger provide evidences that ginger powder sweet rice muffins are a good healthy snack, particularly for the elderly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.522-527
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted for a period of 56 days with twelve Bangladeshi bull calves of average body weight of $127.20{\pm}11.34$ kg. The calves were divided into 3 groups having 4 animals in each. The animals were fed urea-treated rice straw designated as A) 4% urea-treated rice straw, B) 4% urea+4% soybean-treated rice straw and C) 4% urea+6% soybean-treated rice straw. In addition, all the animals were supplied 2 kg green grass, 350 g Til-oil-cake and 100 g common salt per 100 kg body weight of animals. Straw was treated with 4% urea solution and soybean meal at 4 and 6% were added to treated straw and kept for 48 h in double layer polythene bags under anaerobic condition. Urea treatment improved crude protein (CP) content of rice straw from 2.68 to 8.70% and it was further increased by 10.74 and 12.12% with the addition of 4 and 6% soybean meal. Dry matter (DM) intake (kg) was higher (p<0.05) in C (4.2) followed by B (4.1) and A (4.0). Crude protein intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group B and C than group A. Total live weight gains were 20.2, 24.8 and 25.6 kg for calves of group A, B and C respectively (p<0.01). The addition of soybean meal to treated rice straw did not affect the coefficients of digestibility of DM, OM, EE and NFE. However, CP and CF digestibility were significantly higher in group B and C (p<0.05). The values for digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible ether extract (DEE), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet C and B in comparison to diet A, but there were no significant difference in digestible organic matter (DOM) and digestible crude fibre (DCF) value among the groups. It may be concluded that 4% urea treated rice straw can be fed to growing bull calves with 2 kg green grass and a small quantity of concentrate without any adverse effect on feed intake and growth. Moreover, soybean meal at 4 and 6% can be added to urea treated rice straw at the time of treatment for rapid hydrolyzing of urea, which resulted an improvement in nutrient digestibility and better utilization of rice straw for growth of growing bull calves.